Diabetes mellitus affects about 830 million people worldwide, with 2.5 million diabetes-related deaths per year. The estimated prevalence of diabetes among psychiatric in-patients in the UK is 10%, and the increased risk of poor diabetes-related physical health outcomes among people with a severe mental illness (SMI) is detrimental to their mental health and social functioning. This article uses two fictitious case vignettes inspired by experience in an in-patient psychiatric facility to explore the challenges of managing diabetes in this setting in the UK. The relationship between psychiatric disorders, their symptoms and management of physical health conditions, including health promotion, monitoring and pharmacological therapy, creates a challenge in the optimal management of diabetes. Recommendations for improving diabetes management in people with SMI are divided into those requiring insulin and those not requiring insulin.

This study examines the influence of fish oil on brain amyloidogenesis in hyperglycaemic Alzheimer’s disease animal models, emphasising the potential of omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil to prevent the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Thirty males of Wistar rats were divided into five groups: 1) control rats (NS); 2) rats supplemented with 3 g/kg of fish oil (NS+FO3); 3) rats injected via intraperitoneal (i.p) with Streptozotocin-Lipopolysaccharide (STZ-LPS); 4) rats injected with STZ-LPS (i.p) and supplemented with 1 g/kg of fish oil (STZ-LPS+FO1), and 5) rats injected with STZ-LPS (i.p) and supplemented with 3 g/kg of fish oil (STZ-LPS+FO3). The cerebral brain was extracted for examination, and the αβ precursor protein (APP) level was measured using an immunoassay kit, while αβ 42 expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry staining. Brain amyloidosis-related genes were quantified using real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The results revealed that fish oil supplementation significantly increased APP levels and reduced αβ 42 accumulations in STZ-LPS rats. Moreover, the Apolipoprotein E, ε4 isoform (ApoE-4) and Beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (Bace-1) genes were downregulated while the Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (Lrp-1) gene was upregulated in STZ-LPS rats treated with fish oil, thereby elucidating the impact of fish oil on diminishing αβ buildup in the brain. Therefore, this study contributes to a growing body of evidence supporting dietary interventions as adjunctive strategies for the prevention or delay of Alzheimer’s disease progression in metabolic dysfunction.

Previous studies on the association between fruit juice consumption and type 2 diabetes remain controversial, which might be due to heterogeneity in the polygenic risk score (PRS) for type 2 diabetes. We examined the association between fruit juice and type 2 diabetes by PRS for type 2 diabetes. We investigated whether fruit juice influences type 2 diabetes risk differently among individuals with varying genetic risks. Data from the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) study, a cross-sectional study of 13 769 Japanese individuals was used for our analysis. The primary exposure was the frequency of fruit juice, categorised as do not drink, less than 1 cup per day or more than 1 cup per day. We selected PGS002379, a PRS for type 2 diabetes developed using East Asian populations. The primary outcome was physician-diagnosed type 2 diabetes, reported by participants. The consumption of fruit juice was significantly inversely associated with type 2 diabetes in the group with a high PRS for type 2 diabetes (OR: 0·78, 95 % CI: 0·65, 0·93 for < 1 cup/d and OR: 0·54, 95 % CI: 0·30, 0·96 for > 1/d), but this association was not observed in the low PRS group. Fruit juice consumption was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes, especially in genetically high-risk populations for type 2 diabetes.

The composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) has been identified as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of certain inflammatory diseases. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between CDAI and Helicobacter pylori infection using cross-sectional design. In this study, participants from the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analysed using logistic and Cox regression analyses to assess the associations between H. pylori infection and CDAI, encompassing vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotene, Zn, Se and Cu. The results demonstrated a negative correlation between CDAI scores and H. pylori infection, revealing a non-linear relationship between the odds of H. pylori infection and CDAI as a continuous variable. Subsequently, a two-sample Mendelian randomisation study was conducted utilising genome-wide association study summary statistics to explore the causal relationship between antioxidant levels and H. pylori infection. We found that the intake of Cu was a protective factor in the occurrence of H. pylori infection but did not support a causal association between circulating Cu levels and H. pylori infection. The prevalence of H. pylori infection was found to be elevated among individuals of older age, lower education levels, limited socio-economic status, smokers, diabetes and those with hypertension. The study suggests that higher CDAI is linked to decreased odds of H. pylori infection, and further prospective studies are needed to confirm the association. Our findings may have significant implications for the prevention and management of H. pylori-related diseases.

Obesity pathophysiological conditions and obesogenic diet compounds may influence brain function and structure and, ultimately, cognitive processes. Animal models of diet-induced obesity suggest that long-term dietary high fat and/or high sugar may compromise cognitive performance through concomitant peripheral and central disturbances. Some indicated mechanisms underlying this relationship are discussed here: adiposity, dyslipidaemia, inflammatory and oxidative status, insulin resistance, hormonal imbalance, altered gut microbiota and integrity, blood–brain barrier dysfunction, apoptosis/autophagy dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, vascular disturbances, cerebral protein aggregates, impaired neuroplasticity, abnormal neuronal network activity and neuronal loss. Mechanistic insights are vital for identifying potential preventive and therapeutic targets. In this sense, flavonoids have gained attention due to their abundant presence in vegetable and other natural sources, their comparatively negligible adverse effects and their capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier promptly. In recent years, interventions with flavonoid sources have proven to be efficient in restoring cognitive impairment related to obesity. Its modulatory effects occur directly and indirectly into the brain, and three fronts of action are highlighted here: (1) restoring physiological processes altered in obesity; (2) promoting additional neuroprotection to the endogenous system; and (3) improving neuroplasticity mechanisms that improve cognitive performance itself. Therefore, flavonoid consumption is a promising alternative tool for managing brain health and obesity-related cognitive impairment.

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the correlation between magnesium consumption and periodontitis in different body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) groups. 8385 adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 2009–2014 were included. The correlation between dietary magnesium intake and periodontitis was first tested for statistical significance by descriptive statistics and weighted binary logistic regression. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests were performed to investigate whether the association was stable in different BMI and WC groups. There was a statistical difference in magnesium intake between periodontitis and non-periodontitis populations. In model 3, participants with the highest magnesium consumption had an odds ratio of 0.72 (0.57-0.92) for periodontitis compared to those with the lowest magnesium consumption. However, in subgroup analysis, the relationship between magnesium intake and periodontitis remained significant only in the non-general obese (BMI ≤ 30 kg/m2) and non-abdominal obese populations (WC ≤ 102 cm in men and ≤ 88 cm in women). Dietary magnesium intake might decrease the periodontitis prevalence in the American population, and this beneficial periodontal health role of magnesium consumption might only be evident in non-general obese and non-abdominal obese populations.

Comorbidities, which are additional health conditions that occur alongside diabetes, can have a significant effect on blood sugar control. These conditions often complicate the management of diabetes and worsen overall health. Malnutrition, on the other hand, is a common concern for people with diabetes due to difficulties with food intake and metabolism. Proper nutrition is crucial for maintaining general health and effectively managing the disease. However, the extent of comorbidities and malnutrition within this group is not well understood in the study area. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Hawassa governmental hospitals between April and May 2023, involving 422 adult outpatients living with diabetes. The study aimed to evaluate their comorbidities, nutritional status, and associated factors. The required data were collected using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted using SPSS version 25.0. Undernutrition and concordant comorbidities were prevalent in the study population, occurring at rates of 15.2% and 57.8%, respectively. Additionally, 18.5% of participants were classified as overweight and obese with a BMI greater than 25 kg/m2. Three significant predictors of undernutrition among adult outpatients living with diabetes were identified: alcohol intake (P < 0.05), comorbidities (P < 0.01), and educational status (P < 0.05). Concordant comorbidity was notably common in these patients. It is recommended that the healthcare system consider comorbid conditions when managing diabetes. A longitudinal study is suggested to provide stronger evidence on these findings.

This study was designed to explore the mediating role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) in Triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index and hypertension (HTN). Study participants were selected from the 2001 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Firstly, we estimated the association between TyG index and serum 25(OH)D with HTN using a weighted multivariable logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline. Secondly, we used a generalised additive model to investigate the correlation between TyG index and serum 25(OH)D. Lastly, serum 25(OH)D was investigated as a mediator in the association between TyG index and HTN. There were 14 099 subjects in total. TyG index was positively and linearly associated with HTN risk, while serum 25(OH)D had a U-shaped relationship with the prevalence of HTN. When the serum 25(OH)D levels were lower than 57·464 mmol/l, the prevalence of HTN decreased with the increase of serum 25(OH)D levels. When serum 25(OH)D levels rise above 57·464 mmol/l, the risk of HTN increases rapidly. Based on the U-shaped curve, serum 25(OH)D concentrations were divided into two groups: < 57·464 and ≥57·464 mmol/l. According to the mediation analysis, when serum 25(OH)D levels reached < 57·464 mmol/l, the positive association between the TyG index and incident HTN was increased by 25(OH)D. When serum 25(OH)D levels reached ≥ 57·464 mmol/l, the negative association between the TyG index and incident HTN was increased by 25(OH)D. There was a mediation effect between the TyG index and HTN, which was mediated by 25(OH)D. Therefore, we found that the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and TyG index may influence the prevalence of HTN.

Previous studies have shown that helminth infection protects against the development of diabetes mellitus (DM), possibly related to the hygiene hypothesis. However, studies involving Stronglyoides stercoralis and its possible association with DM are scarce and have shown contradicting results, prompting us to perform this meta-analysis to obtain more precise estimates. Related studies were searched from PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library until 1 August 2024. Data on the occurrence of DM in patients positive and negative for S. stercoralis were obtained. All analyses were done using Review Manager 5.4. The initial search yielded a total of 1725 studies, and after thorough screening and exclusion, only five articles involving 2106 participants (536 cases and 1570 controls) were included in the meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed, and outlier studies were excluded using a funnel plot. Results showed a significant association of S. stercoralis infection with DM, suggesting that those with the infection are less likely to develop DM. Overall, the results suggest that S. stercoralis infection may decrease the likelihood of developing DM, potentially supporting the hygiene hypothesis.

Bell’s palsy is acute facial palsy due to inflammation involving the facial nerve related to infections. Rates have not been noted to differ by ethnicity. We studied the lifetime prevalence in First Nations and all other Manitobans in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged 7 and older in 2013–2014 and 2016–2017. We found a crude lifetime prevalence of 9.9% [95% CI 9.4–10.4%] in the First Nations population versus 3.9% [95% CI 3.8–4.0%] in all other Manitobans. It is unknown if there were differences in glycemic control. The increased prevalence was found in all five provincial health regions. This study indicates that ethnicity may be an important risk factor for Bell’s palsy.

Translational research needs to show value through impact on measures that matter to the public, including health and societal benefits. To this end, the Translational Science Benefits Model (TSBM) identified four categories of impact: Clinical, Community, Economic, and Policy. However, TSBM offers limited guidance on how these areas of impact relate to equity. Central to the structure of our Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Diabetes Translation Research are seven regional, independent Satellite Centers dedicated to community-engaged research. Drawing on our collective experience, we provide empirical evidence about how TSBM applies to equity-focused research that centers community partnerships and recognizes Indigenous knowledge. For this special issue – “Advancing Understanding and Use of Impact Measures in Implementation Science” – our objective is to describe and critically evaluate gaps in the fit of TSBM as an evaluation approach with sensitivity to health equity issues. Accordingly, we suggest refinements to the original TSBM Logic model to add: 1) community representation as an indicator of providing community partners “a seat at the table” across the research life cycle to generate solutions (innovations) that influence equity and to prioritize what to evaluate, and 2) assessments of the representativeness of the measured outcomes and benefits.