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3 results

  • Chapter 10 - The Role of Meaning in Intergenerational Transmission Effects

  • from Part III - The Organized and Organizing Nature of Meaning
  • L. Alan Sroufe, University of Minnesota, June Sroufe
  • Book:
    The Development and Organization of Meaning
    Published online:
    11 June 2025
    Print publication:
    26 June 2025, pp 128-142

  • Summary

    As researchers of family relationships have long suspected, it is now demonstrable that ways of parenting are carried across generations and that this cannot be reduced to genetics. A focus on meaning was the answer, because it is not specific parental practices that show continuity; rather, it is the distilled meaning of experiences. Warmth, hostility, or boundary violations can be shown in many ways. Your son may show warmth to his daughter in a very different way than you showed it to him. But the experience of warm care (or hostility) is carried forward. Research shows such continuity even from the first two years of life before the maturation of declarative memory. Similarly, the pattern of disorganized attachment shows continuity across generations, even though the signs of disorganization may vary. Studies show that this continuity is mediated by the tendency of those with disorganized attachment to dissociate and later behave in frightening ways toward their infants, which is then related to their disorganized attachment.

  • Negative effects of psychotherapy: estimating the prevalence in a random national sample

  • Bernhard Strauss, Romina Gawlytta, Andrea Schleu, Dominique Frenzl
  • Journal:
    BJPsych Open / Volume 7 / Issue 6 / November 2021
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    04 October 2021, e186
    • Article
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      • Open access
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  • Background

    Negative or adverse effects of psychological treatments are increasingly a focus of psychotherapy research. Yet, we still know little about the prevalence of these effects.

    Aims

    Starting from a representative national sample, the prevalence of negative effects and malpractice was determined in a subsample of individuals reporting psychotherapy currently or during the past 6 years.

    Method

    Out of an initial representative sample of 5562 individuals, 244 were determined to have had psychotherapy within the past 6 years. Besides answering questions related to treatment, its effects and the therapists, patients filled out the Negative Effects Questionnaire, items of the Inventory of Negative Effects of Psychotherapy reflecting malpractice and the Helping Alliance Questionnaire, and rated psychotherapeutic changes in different areas.

    Results

    Rates of positive changes related to therapy varied between 26.6% (relationship to parents) and 67.7% (improvement in depressed mood). Deteriorations were most commonly related to physical well-being (13.1%), ability to work (13.1%) and vitality (11.1%). Although patients generally reported a positive helping alliance, many of them reported high rates of negative effects (though not always linked to treatment). This was especially true of the experience of unpleasant memories (57.8%), unpleasant feelings (30.3%) and a lack of understanding of the treatment/therapist (19.3/18.4%). Indicators of malpractice were less common, with the exception that 16.8% felt violated by statements of their therapist.

    Conclusions

    This study helps to better estimate aspects of negative effects in psychotherapy ranging from deteriorations, specific effects and issues of malpractice that should be replicated and specified in future studies.

  • The Parentified Child: Early Competence or Childhood Deprivation?

  • Bryanne Barnett, Gordon Parker
  • Journal:
    Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review / Volume 3 / Issue 4 / November 1998
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 November 1998, pp. 146-155
    Print publication:
    November 1998

  • A review of the psychological, psychiatric, and social science literature revealed that parentification and role-reversal are terms that are used extensively, often without precise definition, although the implication is almost invariably that the process is pathogenic. An organismic rather than mechanistic view of the situation might suggest that, as is so often the case, whether the effects are adverse or not depends on a multitude of other factors. The final outcome for any individual can only be judged at the end of his or her life-span and the judgement will be largely subjective.