Appendix A Relationship between Categories and Court Type
Notes: QS = quarter sessions; CC = church courts; CR = coroners’ reports.
Appendix A.1Long description
The table indicates labor tasks and their distribution across legal case types. The first column lists task categories, followed by tasks, percent of tasks from Q S, percent of tasks from C C, percent of tasks from C R, and top3 case types with percent of tasks in that category. The data is arranged below:
For Agriculture and land, the corresponding values are 2635, 36.8, 45.2, 18.0, and Tithe 30.4, Theft 23.9, Accidental death 18.0.
For Carework, the corresponding values are 564, 57.6, 39.7, 2.7, and Paternity 26.4, Testamentary 18.3, Miscellaneous 15.8.
For Commerce, the corresponding values are 2115, 74.2, 25.5, 0.3, and Theft 63.3, Tithe 7.0, Defamation 6.3.
For Crafts and construction, the corresponding values are 942, 49.5, 35.4, 15.2, and Theft 37.3, Accidental death 15.2, Defamation 12.7.
For Food processing, the corresponding values are 607, 75.3, 17.5, 7.2, and Theft 67.5, Accidental death 7.2, Defamation 5.6.
For Housework, the corresponding values are 748, 56.6, 25.5, 17.9, and Theft 41.3, Accidental death 17.9, Defamation 10.2.
For Management, the corresponding values are 645, 64.7, 34.7, 0.6, and Theft 45.6, Unclear 12.7, Miscellaneous 9.8.
For Transport, the corresponding values are 1237, 58.2, 21.3, 20.5, and Theft 39.9, Accidental death 20.5, Unclear 10.2.
For Other, the corresponding values are 157, 68.2, 22.9, 8.9, and Theft 30.9, Unclear 16.6, Witchcraft 14.6.
For Total, the corresponding values are 9650, 56.5, 32.2, 11.3, and Theft 40.5, Tithe 11.6, Accidental death 11.3.
Appendix B Gender Division of Labour by Subcategory
Notes: adj. = adjusted (x2.59).
Appendix B.1Long description
The table indicates labor tasks and their distribution by gender. The first column lists task categories, followed by M tasks, F tasks, total tasks, percentage by F, F tasks adjusted and percentage by F adjusted. The data is arranged below:
For agriculture and land, the corresponding values are 2162, 473, 2635, 18.0, 1225 and 36.2.
For animal husbandry, the corresponding values are 629, 126, 755, 16.7, 326 and 34.2.
For collecting fuel, the corresponding values are 74, 20, 94, 21.3, 52 and 41.2.
For dig marl/earth/clay, the corresponding values are 51, 5, 56, 8.9, 13 and 20.3.
For farm transport, the corresponding values are 313, 27, 340, 7.9, 70 and 18.3.
For fieldwork, the corresponding values are 683, 129, 812, 15.9, 334 and 32.8.
For gardening, the corresponding values are 12, 3, 15, 20.0, 8 and 39.3.
For gathering food, the corresponding values are 51, 66, 117, 56.4, 171 and 77.0.
For hedging, the corresponding values are 30, 0, 30, 0.0, 0 and 0.0.
For hunting and fishing, the corresponding values are 166, 2, 168, 1.2, 5 and 3.0.
For milking, the corresponding values are 8, 89, 97, 91.8, 231 and 96.6.
For wood husbandry, the corresponding values are 145, 6, 151, 4.0, 16 and 9.7.
For carework, the corresponding values are 196, 368, 564, 65.2, 953 and 82.9.
For childcare, the corresponding values are 22, 102, 124, 82.3, 264 and 92.3.
For education, the corresponding values are 20, 5, 25, 20.0, 13 and 39.3.
For healthcare, the corresponding values are 98, 113, 211, 53.6, 293 and 74.9.
For midwifery, the corresponding values are 7, 117, 124, 94.4, 303 and 97.7.
For other care, the corresponding values are 49, 31, 80, 38.8, 80 and 62.1.
For commerce, the corresponding values are 1559, 556, 2115, 26.3, 1440 and 48.0.
For buy, the corresponding values are 752, 301, 1053, 28.6, 780 and 50.9.
For sell, the corresponding values are 635, 184, 819, 22.5, 477 and 42.9.
For exchange, the corresponding values are 56, 19, 75, 25.3, 49 and 46.8.
For go to market, the corresponding values are 88, 43, 131, 32.8, 111 and 55.9.
For run stall/shop, the corresponding values are 28, 9, 37, 24.3, 23 and 45.4.
For crafts and construction, the corresponding values are 738, 207, 942, 22, 536 and 42.1.
For buildings, the corresponding values are 168, 2, 170, 1.2, 5 and 3.0.
For clothes and shoes, the corresponding values are 109, 76, 185, 41.1, 197 and 64.4.
For groundworks, the corresponding values are 62, 1, 63, 1.6, 3 and 4.0.
For metalwork, the corresponding values are 85, 2, 87, 2.3, 5 and 5.7.
For mill maintenance, the corresponding values are 29, 0, 29, 0.0, 0 and 0.0.
For mining/quarrying, the corresponding values are 35, 1, 36, 2.8, 3 and 6.9.
For other maintenance/manufacture, the corresponding values are 38, 7, 45, 15.6, 18 and 32.3.
For textile production, the corresponding values are 137, 117, 254, 46.1, 303 and 68.9.
For woodwork, the corresponding values are 73, 0, 73, 0, 0 and 0.
For food processing, the corresponding values are 476, 131, 607, 21.6, 339 and 41.6.
For butchery, the corresponding values are 260, 38, 298, 12.8, 98, and 27.5.
For dairying, the corresponding values are 0, 14, 14, 100, 36, and 100.
For malting and brewing, the corresponding values are 25, 38, 63, 60.3, 98, and 79.7.
For milling, the corresponding values are 47, 9, 56, 16.1, 23, and 33.2.
For storage and preservation, the corresponding values are 22, 12, 34, 35.3, 31, and 58.6.
For threshing and winnowing, the corresponding values are 117, 20, 137, 14.6, 52, and 30.7.
For tobacco, the corresponding values are 5, 0, 5, 0, 0 and 0.0.
For housework, the corresponding values are 225, 523, 748, 69.9, 1355 and 85.8.
For attend guests, the corresponding values are 3, 10, 13, 76.9, 26 and 89.6.
For cleaning, the corresponding values are 22, 48, 70, 68.6, 124 and 85.
For collecting water, the corresponding values are 22, 91, 113, 80.5, 236 and 91.5.
For food and drink provision, the corresponding values are 123, 195, 318, 61.3, 505 and 80.4.
For laundry, the corresponding values are 5, 112, 117, 95.7, 290, and 98.3.
For light and fire provision, the corresponding values are 25, 43, 68, 63.2, 111 and 81.7.
For locking gates and doors, the corresponding values are 25, 19, 44, 43.2, 49 and 66.3.
For miscellaneous housework, the corresponding values are 0, 5, 5, 100.0, 13 and 100.0.
For management, the corresponding values are 473, 172, 645, 26.7, 445 and 48.5.
For arranging work, the corresponding values are 95, 28, 123, 22.8, 73 and 43.3.
For financial, the corresponding values are 269, 62, 331, 18.7, 161 and 37.4.
For pawning, the corresponding values are 38, 39, 77, 50.6, 101 and 72.7.
For lend/borrow, the corresponding values are 67, 39, 106, 36.8, 101 and 60.1.
For other management, the corresponding values are 4, 4, 8, 50.0, 10 and 72.1.
For transport, the corresponding values are 1029, 208, 1237, 16.8, 539 and 34.4.
For boats, the corresponding values are 55, 1, 56, 1.8, 3 and 4.5.
For carry goods, the corresponding values are 355, 150, 505, 29.7, 389 and 52.3.
For carting, the corresponding values are 205, 6, 211, 2.8, 16 and 7.0.
For droving, the corresponding values are 129, 9, 138, 6.5, 23 and 15.3.
For horses, the corresponding values are 110, 13, 123, 10.6, 34 and 23.4.
For loading, the corresponding values are 106, 9, 115, 7.8, 23 and 18.0.
For messages, the corresponding values are 46, 18, 64, 28.1, 47 and 50.3.
For passengers, the corresponding values are 23, 2, 25, 8.0, 5 and 18.4.
For other, the corresponding values are 108, 49, 157, 31.2, 127 and 54.0.
For begging, the corresponding values are 30, 27, 57, 47.4, 70 and 70.0.
For burning, the corresponding values are 8, 3, 11, 27.3, 8 and 49.3.
For miscellaneous, the corresponding values are 49, 16, 65, 24.6, 41 and 45.8.
For reading and writing services, the corresponding values are 21, 3, 24, 12.5, 8 and 27.
Appendix C Seasonal Distribution of Dated Harvest Tasks per Region and Proportional Monthly Redistribution of Undated ‘Harvest Time’ Tasks
Table C.1Long description
The table displays harvest labor tasks like corn and hay harvest by month. The first column represents the harvest type per month which is followed by three columns on corn harvest, hay harvest, and combined. The corn harvest is further divided into six categories namely in harvest time, in corn harvest time, harvest tasks, reap and shear tasks, total, and percentage. The hay harvest column has four subcategories namely in hay time, mow grass or make hay tasks, total and percentage. The combined column has two subcategories that are combined total and total percent. The data can be arranged as follows:
1. Dataset for corn harvest is as follows:
For all tasks, July, the corresponding values are 2, 4, 0, 0, 6, and 6.
For all tasks, August, the corresponding values are 34, 5, 10, 5, 54, and 54.
For all tasks, September, the corresponding values are 16, 2, 4, 11, 33, and 33.
For all tasks, October, the corresponding values are 7, 0, 0, 0, 7, and 7.
For all tasks, total, the corresponding values are 59, 11, 14, 16, 100, and 100.
For South-west tasks, July, the corresponding values are 0, 4, 0, 0, 4, and 12.9.
For South-west tasks, August, the corresponding values are 8, 5, 2, 2, 17, and 54.8.
For South-west tasks, September, the corresponding values are 0, 0, 2, 8, 10, and 32.3.
For South-west tasks, October, the corresponding values are 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, and 0.
For South-west tasks, Total, the corresponding values are 8, 9, 4, 10, 31, and 100.
For East tasks, July, the corresponding values are 2, 0, 0, 0, 2, and 4.7.
For East tasks, August, the corresponding values are 15, 0, 2, 0, 17, and 39.5.
For East tasks, September, the corresponding values are 14, 0, 1, 2, 17, and 39.5.
For East tasks, October, the corresponding values are 7, 0, 0, 0, 7, and 16.3.
For East tasks, total, the corresponding values are 38, 0, 3, 2, 43, and 100.
For North tasks, July, the corresponding values are 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, and 0.0.
For North tasks, August, the corresponding values are 11, 0, 6, 3, 20, and 76.9.
For North tasks, September, the corresponding values are 2, 2, 1, 1, 6, and 23.1.
For North tasks, October, the corresponding values are 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, and 0.
For North tasks, total, the corresponding values are 13, 2, 7, 4, 26, and 100.
2. Dataset for hay harvest is as follows:
For all tasks, July, the corresponding values are 3, 34, 37, and 68.5.
For all tasks, August, the corresponding values are 4, 7, 11, and 20.4.
For all tasks, September, the corresponding values are 4, 2, 6, and 11.1.
For all tasks, October, the corresponding values are 0, 0, 0, and 0.
For all tasks, total, the corresponding values are 11, 43, 54, and 100.
For South-west tasks, July, the corresponding values are 3, 18, 21, and 70.
For South-west tasks, August, the corresponding values are 0, 5, 5, and 16.7.
For South-west tasks, September, the corresponding values are 2, 2, 4, and 13.3.
For South-west tasks, October, the corresponding values are 0, 0, 0, and 0.
For South-west tasks, Total, the corresponding values are 5, 25, 30, and 100.
For East tasks, July, the corresponding values are 0, 11, 11, and 91.7.
For East tasks, August, the corresponding values are 0, 1, 1, and 8.3.
For East tasks, September, the corresponding values are 0, 0, 0, and 0.
For East tasks, October, the corresponding values are 0, 0, 0, and 0.
For East tasks, total, the corresponding values are 0, 12, 12, and 100.
For North tasks, July, the corresponding values are 0, 5, 5, and 41.7.
For North tasks, August, the corresponding values are 4, 1, 5, and 41.7.
For North tasks, September, the corresponding values are 2, 0, 2, and 16.7.
For North tasks, October, the corresponding values are 0, 0, 0, and 0.
For North tasks, total, the corresponding values are 6, 6, 12, and 100.
3. Dataset for combined total and total percentage is as follows:
For all tasks, July, the corresponding values are 43, and 27.9.
For all tasks, August, the corresponding values are 65, and 42.2.
For all tasks, September, the corresponding values are 39, and 25.3.
For all tasks, October, the corresponding values are 7, and 4.5.
For all tasks, total, the corresponding values are 154, and 100.
For South-west tasks, July, the corresponding values are 25, and 41.
For South-west tasks, August, the corresponding values are 22, and 36.1.
For South-west tasks, September, the corresponding values are 14, and 23.
For South-west tasks, October, the corresponding values are 0, and 0.
For South-west tasks, Total, the corresponding values are 61, and 100.
For East tasks, July, the corresponding values are 13, and 23.6.
For East tasks, August, the corresponding values are 18, and 32.7.
For East tasks, September, the corresponding values are 17, and 30.9.
For East tasks, October, the corresponding values are 7, and 12.7.
For East tasks, total, the corresponding values are 55, and 100.
For North tasks, July, the corresponding values are 5, and 13.2.
For North tasks, August, the corresponding values are 25, and 65.8.
For North tasks, September, the corresponding values are 8, and 21.1.
For North tasks, October, the corresponding values are 0, and 0.
For North tasks, total, the corresponding values are 38, and 100.
a. Redistribution done on a regional basis according to harvest type, using the corresponding monthly proportions from Table C.1. Due to the different sizes of the regional samples, the monthly proportions for All Tasks do not align in C.1 and C.2.
Notes: As discussed in Section 4.1, tasks described as happening in a ‘harvest time’ but otherwise undated have been assigned to specific months (July–October) based on the monthly proportions of harvest tasks for which we do have date data (C.1). Because regional seasonality differed, the monthly redistribution of ‘harvest time’ tasks (C.2) was done separately for the grain harvest and the hay harvest for each region based on the respective proportions in C.1. Certain principles were followed: tasks from the same case were assigned to the same month, tasks like ‘haymaking’ would be more likely to be assigned to July than September, while a task occurring ‘late in the corn harvest’ would be assigned to September over July. Additional to these harvest tasks, 25 undated tasks happening ‘in Lent’ were assigned to February (9), March (12), and April (4) based on when Lent fell that year. Other seasonal designations (spring, summer, winter) were too broad or nebulous in early modern convention to justify similar monthly redistributions.
Table C.2Long description
The table displays harvest labor tasks by type corn and hay, month, with proportions and redistributed values. Data is split into overall and regional totals. There are four columns namely harvest type per month, corn harvest, hay harvest and combined data. The columns of corn harvest and hay harvest have two subcategories namely monthly proportions in percent and redistributed tasks done in harvest time.
1. Dataset for corn harvest is as follows:
For all tasks, July, the corresponding values are 9.4, and 32.
For all tasks, August, the corresponding values are 52.9, and 180.
For all tasks, September, the corresponding values are 33.2, and113.
For all tasks, October, the corresponding values are 4.4, and15.
For all tasks, total, the corresponding values are 100, and 340.
For South-west tasks, July, the corresponding values are 12.9, and 27.
For South-west tasks, August, the corresponding values are 54.8, and 116.
For South-west tasks, September, the corresponding values are 32.3, and 68.
For South-west tasks, October, the corresponding values are 0, and 0.
For South-west tasks, Total, the corresponding values are 100, and 212.
For East tasks, July, the corresponding values are 4.7, and 4.
For East tasks, August, the corresponding values are 39.5, and 37.
For East tasks, September, the corresponding values are 39.5, and 37.
For East tasks, October, the corresponding values are 16.3, and 15.
For East tasks, total, the corresponding values are 100, and 93.
For North tasks, July, the corresponding values are 0, and 0.
For North tasks, August, the corresponding values are 76.9, and 27.
For North tasks, September, the corresponding values are 23.1, and 8.
For North tasks, October, the corresponding values are 0, and 0.
For North tasks, total, the corresponding values are 100, and 35.
2. Dataset for hay harvest and combined task is as follows:
For all tasks, July, the corresponding values are 70.2, 40, and 72.
For all tasks, August, the corresponding values are 21, 12, and 192.
For all tasks, September, the corresponding values are 8.8, 5, and 119.
For all tasks, October, the corresponding values are 0, 0, and 15.
For all tasks, total, the corresponding values are 100, 57, and 397.
For South-west tasks, July, the corresponding values are 70, 15, and 43.
For South-west tasks, August, the corresponding values are 16.7, 4, and 120.
For South-west tasks, September, the corresponding values are 13.3, 3, and 71.
For South-west tasks, October, the corresponding values are 0, 0 and 0.
For South-west tasks, total, the corresponding values are 100, 22, and 234.
For East tasks, July, the corresponding values are 91.7, 18, and 23.
For East tasks, August, the corresponding values are 8.3, 2, and 38.
For East tasks, September, the corresponding values are 0, 0, and 37.
For East tasks, October, the corresponding values are 0, 0, and 15.
For East tasks, total, the corresponding values are 100, 20, and 113
For North tasks, July, the corresponding values are 41.7, 6, and 6
For North tasks, August, the corresponding values are 41.7, 6, and 33.
For North tasks, September, the corresponding values are 16.7, 3, and 11.
For North tasks, October, the corresponding values are 0, 0 and 0.
For North tasks, total, the corresponding values are 100, 15, and 50.
Appendix D Monthly Weights Applied to Quarter Sessions Tasks
a. = 2/3rd one-to-one multiplier + 1/3rd one-to-one multiplier of the following month. The three regional weights do not average out exactly to the overall weighted multiplier because the regional samples are different sizes.
Notes: Appendix D outlines the monthly weighting applied to seasonality analyses in this book, as discussed in Section 4.1. These weights were applied only to tasks from quarter sessions cases for seasonality analysis, to approximate an even sample of depositions across all 12 months of the year. As the table shows, the number of sampled quarter sessions depositions was not evenly distributed according to the months in which depositions were taken/recorded. This presents an issue because a clear relationship existed between when a quarter sessions deposition was taken, and the time observation reported. A sampling of quarter sessions cases from the work-task dataset shows that around 50 per cent of time observations (usually linked to time of the crime) dated to the same month as when the deposition was taken, with a further 25 per cent of the time observations dated to the month prior to month of deposition. The remaining 25 per cent of time observations were spread throughout the rest of the months of the year prior to deposition. Assuming this latter dispersed portion had a negligible effect (in any systematic way) on the distribution of monthly tasks, the number of quarter sessions tasks in any given month would be influenced most strongly by the number of depositions taken in that same month, and half as much by the number of depositions taken in the following month. The ‘Weighted Multiplier’, used in all seasonality analysis, reflects this relationship, so that adjusted figures more confidently reflect work patterns, rather than legal or sampling patterns. In calculating a month’s multiplier, 2/3rd weight was given to that month’s one-to-one multiplier (the multiplier that would be used to reweight if the relationship between month of deposition and month of time observation was one-to-one) and 1/3rd weight to the following month’s one-to-one multiplier. For example, January’s weighted multiplier is the average of 2 × 1.11 (January’s one-to-one multiplier) + 1.44 (February’s one-to-one multiplier) = 1.22. These same principles and processes were followed in calculating monthly weights for the three regional samples, used in the seasonality analysis for Figure 3.1.
Appendix D.1Long description
The table presents labor-related deposition data by month, including exam samples, deviations from an annual average, and weighted multipliers for three regions. The data is organized by month with corresponding statistical values. The first column represents the deposition month, followed by eight columns namely quarter sessions exams sampled, percentage, deviation from 12-month average of 8.3%, one-to-one multiplier, weighted multiplier, south-west, east, north.
For January, the corresponding values are 698, 7.5, negative 0.8, 1.11, 1.22, 1.54, 1.18, 0.99.
For February, the corresponding values are 536, 5.8, negative 2.6, 1.44, 1.36, 1.81, 1.14, 1.17.
For March, the corresponding values are 645, 6.9, negative 1.4, 1.20, 1.12, 1.16, 1.08, 1.10.
For April, the corresponding values are 812, 8.7, 0.4, 0.95, 0.91, 0.85, 1.00, 0.94.
For May, the corresponding values are 944, 10.2, 1.8, 0.82, 0.83, 0.74, 1.04, 0.84.
For June, the corresponding values are 919, 9.9, 1.6, 0.84, 0.92, 0.88, 1.08, 0.90.
For July, the corresponding values are 716, 7.7, negative 0.6, 1.08, 1.13, 1.11, 1.17, 1.14.
For August, the corresponding values are 636, 6.8, negative 1.5, 1.22, 1.12, 1.03, 1.13, 1.29.
For September, the corresponding values are 829, 8.9, 0.6, 0.93, 0.98, 1.00, 0.84, 1.09.
For October, the corresponding values are 723, 7.8, negative 0.6, 1.07, 1.04, 1.08, 0.98, 1.08.
For November, the corresponding values are 795, 8.6, 0.2, 0.97, 0.90, 0.87, 1.04, 0.88.
For December, the corresponding values are 1,040, 11.2, 2.9, 0.74, 0.87, 0.92, 0.81, 0.88.
For Total, the corresponding values are 9,293, 100, not applicable, not applicable, N/A, not applicable, not applicable, not applicable.
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