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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2025

Cyanne E. Loyle
Cyanne E. Loyle
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University

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Type
Chapter
Information
Escaping Justice
Impunity for State Crimes in the Age of Accountability
 , pp. 211 - 218
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Abacengezi, 61, 81
Acholi (ethnic group), 46, 89, 91–92, 94–95, 114, 116, 122, 177, 182
Acholi Religious Leaders Peace Initiative, 122
Adams, Gerry, 131
adaptation strategy
strategy of coercion, 20, 37, 39–40, 55, 62, 70, 73, 78, 81, 85, 87–88, 126, 172
strategy of concession, 21, 42–43, 128, 136, 140, 145, 148, 159, 165, 167–168, 172–173
strategy of containment, 20, 41, 43, 90, 98, 105, 109, 111, 121–122, 125, 152, 172
Adler, Reva, 31, 56, 76
Advisory Consortium on Conflict Sensitivity, 106
African image management, 101
African Rights, 58, 60
African Union, 6, 86, 121, 166
age of accountability, 12, 20–22, 51, 83, 122, 163, 170
Agreement on Accountability and Reconciliation (AAR), 98, 111, 120
Akunda, Patty, 102
al-Bashir, Omar, 6
Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), 112
amnesia policies, 10, 12, 15, 23, 82, 148, 171
Amnesty Act (2000), 101, 108
Amnesty International, 63, 80, 96, 141
amnesty policies, 5, 10, 12, 23, 26, 34, 66, 101, 103, 106, 116, 122, 148, 171
Appel, Benjamin J., 4, 7, 26
Ardoyne (Belfast), Northern Ireland, 48, 162–164, 169, 176, 183
Ardoyne Commemoration Project, 164
Argentina, 24–25, 34
Arthur, Paige, 7, 26
Article 2, European Convention on Human Rights, 142, 161
Arusha Peace Agreement (Burundi), 85
Arusha, Tanzania, 64, 66, 85
Atiak, Uganda, 94–95, 114, 117, 121–122, 184
Austria, 67, 119
Backer, David, 5, 31
Bad apples, 157
Baganda, 93
Bagosora, Théoneste, 57
Baines, Erin, 7, 116
Bakke, Kristen, 10, 176
Ballymurphy, 127, 149, 156, 177
Banyankole, 93
Bates, Genevieve, 33, 37, 176
Belfast (or Good Friday) Agreement, 132, 136, 138, 140, 143, 160
Belfast, Northern Ireland, 48, 127, 131–132, 134, 136, 138, 140, 143, 146, 156–157, 160, 163, 168–169, 176
Belgium, 6, 57
Bell, Christine, 31, 137, 155
Bieber, Justin, 91
Bigombe, Betty, 102
Binningsbø, Helga Malmin, 5, 10, 35, 45, 176
Bizimungu, Pasteur, 75
Blair, Tony, 67, 155
Blattman, Christopher, 93
Bloody Sunday, 44, 51, 127, 134–135, 147, 149, 151–155, 158
Bloody Sunday Inquiry, 127, 151, 153, 155–156
Bloody Sunday Justice Campaign, 147, 154
Bob, Clifford, 31
Bono, 67
Bouba, Hassan, 167
Boulding, Kenneth, 37
Bradley, Denis, 139
Branch, Adam, 11, 92, 94, 116, 160–161
British Army, 44, 51, 127, 130, 133–136, 138, 142, 149, 153, 156, 158, 183
British Irish Rights Watch, 141
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, 30
Burcoro, Uganda, 96
Burundi, 56, 69, 85, 87, 173
Cameron, David, 51, 151, 155, 158
Campaign for Social Justice, 146
capacity for institutional control, 37, 40, 42, 52
Central African Republic, 93, 129, 165–167, 173
Chad, 6
Chakravarty, Anuradha, 11, 54, 68, 73, 76–77, 79–80
Checkel, Jeffrey T, 18, 32, 47
Cinar, Ipek, 33
Clark, Phil, 7, 80, 96, 116
Clinton, Bill, 67
Cloward, Richard, 41
Collier, Paul, 37
collusion, 130, 135–136, 152, 156, 158–159
Colombia, 24
Commission for Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation (CDVR), 123, 174
Committee on the Administration of Justice, 146
Congressional Ad Hoc Committee on Irish Affairs, 143
Connolly, Joan, 127
Conseil National Pour la Défense de la Démocratie – Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie CNDD-FDD), 85–86
Conservative Government (UK), 144
constructive ambiguity, 137
Consultative Group on the Past, 138
Coppedge, Michael, 36
Cory, Peter, 157
Côte d’Ivoire, 6, 91, 123–125, 173
COVID-19, 6, 104
crimes against humanity, 102
crimes of genocide, 2, 51, 56, 63, 74, 78, 80, 125
Croatia, 11
Cronin-Furman, Kate, 11, 17–18, 28, 33, 175
customary justice, 90–91, 110–111, 116–117, 173
Dahl, 16
Dallaire, Roméo, 58
Dancy, Geoff, 4
Davenport, Christian, 11, 14, 26, 29, 36, 38–40, 58, 60, 76, 79, 175, 179
de Silva, Desmond, 158
decapitation, 93
Del Ponte, Carla, 66
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 59, 61, 67, 69, 81, 93
Democratic Unionist Party, 144
Denmark, 67, 119
Department of Legacy and Justice, 161
Derry/Londonderry (Northern Ireland), 127, 134, 153, 155
Des Forges, Allison, 60, 77
DeWaal, Alex, 92
divide and rule, 128, 149–150
Divis Flats, 134
Divisionism (Rwanda), 68, 71
Dixon, Jennifer, 30
Djotodia, Michel, 165
Dolan, Chris, 95
domestic constraints, 14, 36, 38, 43, 46–47, 55, 70, 72–73, 85–86, 88, 91, 123–124, 126, 171–172, 180
Donno, Daniela, 29, 175
donor darling, 67, 100
Doughty, Kristen, 177
Downs, George W., 32
Eames, Robin, 139
Eames-Bradley report, 139
Ecweru, Musa, 106
Egeland, Jan, 95, 102
election monitoring, 28, 32, 175
Elster, Jon, 5, 31
Emergency Provisions Act, 141
Erlinder, Peter, 66
ethnojustice, 116
European Convention of Human Rights, 142, 161
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), 140
European Union, 11, 26, 63, 130
Executive Committee of Northern Ireland, 130
FAIR (Northern Ireland), 146
fake compliance, 32
Falls, The (Belfast), Northern Ireland, 132
Farrell, Mairead, 135
Fearon, James, 37
Finnström, Sverker, 92, 116
Finucane, Pat, 135, 142, 146, 149, 153, 156–158
First Battalion of the Parachute Regiment of the British Army (1st Para), 153, 155
Fjelde, Hanne, 35
Force Research Unit (FRU), 135
Foreign aid, 27–28, 67, 100, 141, 171
foreign direct investment, 27
Foucault, Michel, 17
Foundation for Development and Justice Initiatives, 120
Franco, Francisco, 15, 23
Frantz, Erica, 17
Freedom House, 80, 106, 108, 113, 124, 166
Friends of Ireland, 143
Fujii, Lee Ann, 57, 80, 177
Gacaca courts, 1–2, 4, 40, 54, 56, 64, 73–75, 77, 79–82, 84–85, 88, 172, 177
Gamson, William, 41
Gandhi, Jennifer, 17, 30, 35
Gasana, Anastase, 63
Gates, Bill, 67, 91
Gates, Scott, 5
Gbagbo, Laurent, 6, 123–125
Geddes, Barbara, 17
genocidal ideology, 70–72, 76
genocide credit, 68, 81
genodynamics, 79
Gersony, Robert, 60
ghost soldier scandal, 97, 108
Gibraltar, 135, 142
Gibraltar Three, 142
Gillooly, Shauna, 7
governance capabilities, 43, 91, 109, 123, 166, 171–173
Grodsky, Brian, 11
Grupo de Apoyo Mutuo (Guatemala), 31
Guatemala, 6, 10, 15, 31
Gulu, Uganda, 89, 93, 95, 101, 115, 118, 120–121
Habré, Hissène, 6
Habyarimana, Juvénal, 56–57, 59, 68, 71, 84
Hafner-Burton, Emilie, 24, 33
Hain, Peter, 139
Haldemann, Frank, 7
Hamill, Robert, 158
Hayner, Priscilla B., 31
Healing Through Remembering, 164
Heath, Edward, 154
Hegarty, Angela, 150–151, 154
Herbst, Jeffrey, 38
hidden transcripts, 80
High Court of Rwanda, 71
Hillebrecht, Courtney, 17
Hinton, Alexander, 11, 27
Historical Enquiries Team (HET), 129, 142, 148, 150, 160–162, 168, 173
HIV/AIDS, 95, 100, 123
Hoeffler, Anke, 37
Home Guard (Uganda), 89, 95
Hoyt, William, 155
Human Rights Focus, 108
Human Rights Watch, 34, 54, 57–58, 60, 62, 67, 72, 113, 125, 141, 166
Huntington, Samuel, 9, 29–30
Hyde, Susan D., 17, 28, 32, 175
IBUKA, 58, 72
Imudugudu, 53
Ingabire, Victoire, 66, 72
Ingelaere, Bert, 70, 77
Institution of Traditional or Cultural Leaders Bill, 117
institutional control capacity, 14, 18, 20, 23, 37–38, 43–45, 47, 51, 86, 99, 107, 124, 129, 165–167, 171–172, 174
Interahamwe, 1–2, 57, 61
internally displaced persons (IDP) camps, 94–95, 97, 102, 110, 121
International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ), 16
International Court of Justice, 6
International Crimes Division (Uganda), 90–91, 112, 115, 125, 173
International Criminal Court (ICC), 6, 25–26, 90, 97, 99, 101–103, 112, 114, 118, 123–125, 165, 173
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 11, 24, 64
International Crisis Group, 61
International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, 5, 34
International Military Tribunal for the Far East (Tokyo Trial), 5, 34
Invisible Children, 91
Inyangamugayo, 75
Iraq, 12, 24, 144
Irish National Caucus, 143
Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), 131, 133
Irish Northern Aid Committee (Noraid), 143
Irish Republican Army (IRA), 131
isomorphic mimicry, 111
Juba Peace Agreement (Uganda), 97, 102, 109–111, 116, 119
Judicial Services Commission (Uganda), 113
Justice and Reconciliation Project, 89, 96
justice cascade, 7
Justice Law and Order Sector (JLOS), 96, 100, 117–118, 121
Kabera, Assiel, 73
Kagame, Paul, 55, 58, 66–67, 71, 77, 79
Kainerugaba, Muhoozi, 104
Kalyvas, Stathis, 29, 76
Kampala, Uganda, 90, 92, 94, 96, 100, 102, 106–107, 118
Kardashian, Kim, 91
Karongi, Rwanda, 54, 62, 81, 183
Kato, Opira Morise, 94
Katzenstein, Peter J., 25
Kenya, 27, 103
Kibuye, Rwanda, 1
Kim, HunJoon, 5, 31, 91
Ki-moon, Ban, 25
Kitgum, Uganda, 95
Kochanski, Adam, 11, 175
Kony 2012, 91
Kony, Joseph, 91, 96, 102–103
Kuperman, Alan, 57
Kwoyelo, Thomas, 112
Labour Government (UK), 139
Laitin, David, 37
Lake, Milli, 1–2, 15, 28, 59
Lango, Uganda, 93
Leebaw, Bronwyn, 11
Legacy Commission (Northern Ireland), 139
Lemarchand, René, 56
Levi, Margaret, 29, 35, 42
Levitsky, Steven, 10
Lewis, Janet, 92
Liberia, 29, 51
Liberian Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 29
Libya, 12
Longman, Timothy, 68–69, 77
Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), 46, 48, 89, 93, 95–97, 99, 101, 103, 108, 112–114, 116, 184
Lost Lives (2008), 132, 138–139
Loyalist, 130–131, 133, 135, 138–139, 147, 152, 156–157, 159, 163
Loyle, Cyanne E., 4, 7, 11, 14, 26, 49, 58, 80, 82, 131, 138, 175, 179
Lukodi, Uganda, 89–90, 95, 177, 184
Lukwiya, Raska, 102
Lundy, Patricia, 115, 161, 164, 183
Lust-Okar, Ellen, 17
Lutz, Ellen, 7
MacBride Principles, 143
Macdonald, Anna, 98, 110, 113, 119, 121
Magaloni, Beatriz, 17
Mamdani, Mahmood, 57
Mann, Michael, 36
Mato oput, 116
maximal prosecution, 63
McBride, Peter, 135
McCann, Daniel, 135
McEvoy, Kieran, 11
McGovern, Mark, 115, 135, 140, 153, 157–158, 161, 164, 183
McGuinness, Martin, 131
Médecins Sans Frontières, 60
Media Law of 2002 (Rwanda), 71
Meierhenrich, Jens, 26
Mendeloff, David, 4–5, 7
MI5, 158
Milošević, Slobodan, 24
Ministry of Defense (United Kingdom), 57, 153
Moe, Terry M., 17
Montt, General Efraín Ríos, 6, 10
Morocco, 24
Moussalli, Michel, 63
Mucyo, Jean de Dieu, 62
Mugesera, Antoine, 73
Mukulu, Jamil, 112
Mullan, Hugh, 127
Murillo, María Victoria, 10
Musanze, Rwanda, 54, 61, 183
Museveni, Yoweri, 20, 42, 57, 90, 92, 94, 97–98, 100–108, 110–113, 115, 121, 172
Nagy, Rosemary, 11, 80
Nalepa, Monika, 11–12, 17, 30, 33
naming and shaming campaigns, 24, 27, 141
National Coalition of Human Rights Defenders (Uganda), 109
National Genocide Memorial (Rwanda), 58
National Resistance Army (NRA), 92, 94, 96
National Resistance Movement (NRM), 47, 90, 92, 98, 100, 104–107, 109, 113, 115, 118–120, 122, 124, 126, 172
National Transitional Justice Policy (NTJP), 4, 90, 118–119, 121, 173
Nationalist, 130–131, 133, 145, 147, 153–154
Ndadaye, Melchior, 69
Nelson, Rosemary, 158, 163
Netherlands, 67, 119
NGO Act (Uganda), 108
Nichols, Angela, 33, 176
Nkusi, Uwimana, 71
norm compliance, 9–11, 13–14, 17–19, 22, 27, 29, 31–32, 35, 37, 39–43, 73, 87, 91, 140, 142, 170, 173, 175–176
norm diffusion, 32
norm of accountability, 3, 10, 12, 15, 20, 22–23, 25, 27–29, 31, 35, 68, 74, 82–83, 99, 103, 118, 122, 140, 143, 148, 164–165, 170–171, 177
norm response, 9, 12–14, 20, 23, 32, 35–36, 38, 40, 42–45, 51, 68, 70, 73, 85–86, 90, 99, 105, 107, 109–110, 116, 123, 125–126, 128, 136–137, 140, 145, 147, 165–166, 168, 170–174
Northern Ireland Assembly, 137
Northern Ireland Research Initiative, 138
Northern Parliamentary Forum, 108
Norway, 67, 119
Nouwen, Sarah, 100, 102
Nyseth Brehm, Hollie, 74, 76
Obote, Milton, 92
Ocampo, Luis Moreno, 102–103, 114
Odama, John-Baptist, 93
Odhiambo, Okot, 102
Office of the Prosecutor (ICC), 100, 102–103
Ogenga-Latigo, Morris, 101
Ogora, Lino Owor, 120
Olsen, Tricia, 7
Ongwen, Dominic, 102
Operation Banner, 130
Operation North, 115
Orde, Hugh, 160
Original Irish Republican Army (OIRA), 131
Otti, Vincent, 102
Ouattara, Alassane, 123–125
Overseas Operations Bill (OOB), 141, 144, 168
Oywa, Rosalba, 94, 96, 100, 115, 120–121
Pabbo (Uganda), 114, 184
Palipehutu-Forces nationales de libération (FNL), 85, 87
Palmer, Nicola, 62, 70
Paris, Roland, 7
Pat Finucane Center, 146
Patronage, 20, 47, 77, 100, 104–107, 109, 113, 117, 119
Payne, Leigh, 7
peace wall, 132
Peace, Recovery and Development Plan (PRDP), 119
Piven, Frances Fox, 41
Poland, 25
Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), 137, 139, 160–161
political order, 9, 16–17, 20, 28–29, 181
Posner, Daniel, 38
Post-Conflict Justice (PCJ) Dataset, 45
Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), 46, 48, 131, 137, 142–143, 153–154, 157
Prunier, Gérard, 57, 63
Przeworski, Adam, 35
Public Inquiries Act of 2005, 158
Public Inquiry System, 51, 127, 135, 141, 150–152, 155–156, 168
Putnam, Robert, 28
Quasi-compliance, 17, 33
Quinn, Joanna, 115, 117
Reiter, Andrew, 7
Relatives for Justice, 127, 146
repression, 11, 13, 28, 38–40, 61, 69–70, 72, 74, 78, 88, 92, 99, 104–105, 107, 109, 130, 168, 175
Republican, 130–131, 133, 138–139, 144, 146–147, 154, 156, 162, 164, 169, 183
reputation costs, 13, 101, 126, 128, 141
Reyntjens, Filip, 56, 60, 67–68, 70, 72, 80
Rickard, Kit, 176
Risse, Thomas, 25
Rolston, Bill, 135, 142, 156, 161–162
Rome Statute, 103
Ron, James, 7
Rowen, Jamie, 11, 14, 16, 33
Rowntree, Francis, 134–135
Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 130, 135, 138, 141, 143, 146, 152, 157–158, 161
rubber bullets, 134
RUC George Cross Foundation, 146
Ruhengeri (Musanze), Rwanda, 54, 61
Rulindo, Rwanda, 54, 81–82, 183
Russia, 166–167
Rutaremara, Tito, 62, 64, 83
Rutayisire, Paul, 62
Rwanda, 53
Rwandan Armed Forces, 58, 60–61
Rwandan Army, 3
Rwandan Liberation Army (AliR), 60–61
Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), 60–61
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), 2, 20, 40, 46, 48, 53–56, 58–59, 61, 63–68, 70–74, 76, 78–81, 83–84, 86–87, 172, 177
Rwot, 117
sanctions, 24, 28, 39, 71
Sands, Bobby, 131, 156
Savage, Sean, 135
Schabas, William, 2, 63–64, 75
Schmitter, Philippe C., 30
Scott, James, 17, 80
Seko, Mobutu Sese, 24
Senegal, 6
Serbia, 11
Sesay, Mohamed, 7, 179
Shanaghan, Peter, 142
Shklar, Judith, 23
Shoot-to-kill policy, 134, 142
Siad Barre, Mohammed, 24
Sibomana, André, 74
Sikkink, Kathryn, 5, 7, 18, 26, 31
Simmons, Beth, 18, 28
Sinn Féin, 131, 144, 147
Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson, 51
Slater, Dan, 17
Smith, Charles, 34
Snyder, Jack, 7, 12
social torture, 95
Solomon, Daniel, 7
Somalia, 24
South Africa, 5, 34, 136, 163, 180
South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 5, 180
South Armagh, Northern Ireland, 48, 134, 159, 183
South Sudan, 93, 121
Spain, 15, 23
Special Branch, 161
Special Inquiry and Investigation Unit, 123
Sri Lanka, 11, 28, 179
Sriram, Chandra Lekha, 4
Stam, Alan, 58, 60, 76, 79
state impunity, 4, 7–10, 12–13, 16, 20–21, 37, 39–41, 45–46, 48–49, 51–52, 55, 83–84, 111, 117, 122, 128, 150, 163, 168, 170, 178, 180
Stearns, Jason, 61
Stevens, John, 152, 157
Stevens Report, 135, 152
strategic adaptation, 12–13, 19–20, 22–23, 32–33, 35, 37, 39–41, 45, 47, 51, 55, 74, 83, 85, 91, 99, 105, 108, 111, 122–123, 126, 136–137, 140, 145, 163, 170–171, 173, 175, 178, 180
strategic compliance, 79
Straus, Scott, 57–58, 60, 78, 81
Subotić, Jelena, 5, 11, 14, 16–17, 28, 32
Sudan, 6
Sustainable Development Goals, 26
Sutton, Malcolm, 134, 164, 183
Swedlund, Haley, 27, 67, 100
Tanzania, 64
Taylor, Charles, 29, 86, 104
Teitel, Ruti, 25
Teso, Uganda, 93, 115
Thatcher, Margaret, 143
Theidon, Kimberly, 11
Thoms, Oskar Timo, 4, 7
Thomson, Susan, 11, 60, 68, 70, 73, 77–80, 177
Tilly, Charles, 37
Tinyefuza, David Sejusa, 115
Toohey, John L., 155
torturer problem, 30
Touadéra, Faustin-Archange, 165, 167
transitional injustice, 11, 175, 179
Transitional Justice Working Group (Uganda), 118
Transitional National Assembly of Rwanda, 75
Tribunals of Inquiry Act of 1921, 150, 153, 155
Tripp, Aili Mari, 101, 106–107, 110
Truth and Dignity Commission (Tunisia), 34, 51
Truth, Justice, Reparation and Reconciliation Commission (Central African Republic), 166–167
Tunisia, 34, 51, 179
Tutu, Desmond, 180
U2, 154
Ubuntu, 34
Uganda National Liberation Army, 106
Uganda People’s Army, 106
Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces (UPDF), 94, 96, 102–103, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114
Ugandan Bush War, 57
Ugandan High Court, 90, 98, 110–111
Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), 131, 136
Ulster Defense Association (UDA), 131, 133, 156
Ulster Freedom Fighters, 156
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), 131, 133
Umuganda, 73
UN High Commission for Refugees, 60
UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, 24, 119
UN Human Rights Council, 12
UN Security Council, 58, 63–64, 166
Unionism, 130–131, 133, 147
Unionist, 130–131, 133, 147
United Campaign Against Plastic Bullets, 146–147
United Nations (UN), 12, 24, 26, 57, 60, 63–64, 83, 86, 95–96, 102, 111, 119, 124, 130, 166
United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), 58
United States, 17, 25, 58, 63, 141, 143
Upper Ardoyne (Belfast), Northern Ireland, 134, 163, 176, 183
Urugwiro Reflection Meetings, 75, 84
USAID, 75
Vinjamuri, Leslie, 7, 12
Virunga, Rwanda, 2
Waldorf, Lars, 81, 116
war crimes, 6, 12, 24, 34, 54, 80, 98, 102, 111–113, 119, 141, 144, 158, 165
war crimes tribunals, 34
War on Terror, 101
Weber, Max, 29
Wedeen, Lisa, 17
Widgery Inquiry, 151–152, 154
Wilson, Richard, 11, 34
Wine, Bobbi, 104
Winfrey, Oprah, 91
World Bank, 67, 86, 100
World Peace Foundation, 92
Wright, Billy, 158
Wright, Joseph, 17, 30
Zaire, 24
Zvobgo, Kelebogile, 7, 31

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  • Index
  • Cyanne E. Loyle, Pennsylvania State University
  • Book: Escaping Justice
  • Online publication: 19 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009585019.011
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  • Index
  • Cyanne E. Loyle, Pennsylvania State University
  • Book: Escaping Justice
  • Online publication: 19 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009585019.011
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  • Index
  • Cyanne E. Loyle, Pennsylvania State University
  • Book: Escaping Justice
  • Online publication: 19 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009585019.011
Available formats
×