Index
Entries in “Italics” refer to tables; entries in “Bold” refer to images/pictures.
Abbasid Caliphate, 24
Abbot Devereux (slave ship), 213
Abd al-Rahman, Mawlay, 138
Aberdeen Act, 343
abolition
French, 126
increase in intra-American slave trade and, 85
of slavery and apprenticeships, 321
of slavery and compensation payment, 140
of slavery, British, 316
of the slave trade, 262, ,
resistance to the slave trade and, 287
abolitionist activism, 275
Abrahamic religions, prejudice against Black people and, 25
Accompong Town Maroons, Jamaica, request for compensation, 141
acquits de Guinée, 122
Admiralty Courts, British, 297
Africa
agriculture in, 14
annual population loss in, 14
continental population of, 13
cultural diversity and, 43
impact of external slave trade and slavery on,
impact of suppression of slave trade on,
population decline and the slave trade,
suppression of slave trade and increase in number of slaves,
African American men, comparison with Old World African men,
African Americans
expulsion from Brazil, 334
height of versus Africans, 331
psychological effects of racism on, 255
share of global population, 1800, 23
viral infection rates among, 36
African depopulation, 215
African-descended people, in Islamic regions, 23
African diaspora and Indian Ocean, enslaved populations, 360
African economies
impact of European goods on,
loss of trust in,
African immigrants, in the US, 351
African slave traders,
experience of the slave trade, 160
African slavery, impact of slave trade on,
African slaves, 56
arrival in St. Kitts, Martinique, and Guadeloupe, 120
Brazilian gold production and, 88
British slave traders and, 115
direct arrival from Africa, 158
early arrival in Brazil, 56
experience of the slave trade, 160
from Bahia (Salvador), 83
in Bahia (Salvador), 81
in Cuba, 69
in Eastern Europe, 26
in Spanish territories, 103
sent to Brazil, 89
silver mining in the Americas and, 48
African soldiers, early Islam and the use of, 24
Africans
death at sea, 2
disembarkment to safe sites, 236
expulsion from Brazil, 334
involvement in the transoceanic slave trades,
not identifying as, 2
risk of enslavement and eligibility rights, 242
agricultural slavery, 22
Alabama constitution (1895), 327
Aldridge, Ira, 285
American Colonization Society, 256
Americas
arrival of Homo sapiens in, 31
demographic disasters on the, 20
economic significance of slave trade to the,
importance of in the slave trade, 50
natural population growth in, 13
repeopling of the, 5
Anderson, Clare, 311
Anderson, Richard, 334
Anglo-Brazilian Treaty (1826), 234
Anglo-French conflicts, 121
Anglo-Spanish Treaty (1835), 183
Angola, 58, 357
coffee production, 221
Dutch occupation of, 57
European manufacturers and, 65
forced labor systems, 353
population densities of, 218
Anna (slave ship), 138
Anna Pepple house, 283
Anne (Queen), 140
Antera Duke, diary of, 202
anthropometric evidence, of Liberated Africans’ welfare, 330
anti-slave trade campaign, 337
anti-slavery policies, British, 338
Antonil, André João, 81
apprenticeship system/apprenticeships, 289, 311, 316, , 349
abolition of slavery and, 320
absconding from, 339
Africans aboard the Phoebe and, 316
assignment of duties, 199
British abolition of slavery and, 321
British expectations of in Sierra Leone, 323
disintegration of the, 333
in Brazil, 317
in South Africa’s Cape Colony, 318
in Tortola and Trinidad, 321
slave owners’ views about, 348
terms of in Brazil, 318
Aptheker, Herbert, 258
Ardennes (slave ship), 3
Arte da Guerro do Mar (Oliveira), 125
Ashley, John, 79
Asia, status of enslaved peoples, 9
asientistas, 115
Atheneum, 285
Atkins, John, 137
Atlantic and Indian oceans, 28
Atlantic slave trade, 52, 356, See also slavery
Africa and Africans during the, 238
Africa’s role in the, 245
British attempt at the suppression of the, 338
decline of the, 209
importation of Africans to the Americas, 86
incorrect information concerning the,
scale of, 5
slave ships used in,
slavery in Africa and the, 215
small investors in the North, 74
suppression of the, 237
survivors of the, 92
the Dutch and the, 58
the northern Europeans and the, 187
Vais and the, 199
West Africa and the, 233
Atlantic Triangle, 106
Australia, 335
autarky, poverty of, 349
Aztecs, 17
Azuonye, Chukwuma, 313
Bakossi (ethnolinguistic group), 231
Bantu-speaking people, 23
Banyangi (ethnolinguistic group), 231
Barbados, 61, 79, 88, 113, 346
Blacks’ natural population growth, 5
per capita production in, 95
slave arrivals to, 90
slave ships dispatched from, 61
Barbot, Jean, 202
Barbuda, 346
Barry, Boubacar, 245
Begouën, Jacques-François, 132
Berardi brothers, 127
Berg, Maxine, Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution, 145
Bimbia, 307
birth/births
as a source of slaves,
female ratio at, 289
into servitude, 18
sex ratios in slave populations, 244
Black Boy (slave ship), 283
Black enslavement, cruelty of,
Black farmers, 334n73
Black Joke (slave ship), 282
Black migration, 30
Black mortality, 5
Black people
as citizens of the US, 256
as non-Indigenous people, 33
as surrogate settlers, 33
black skin and enslavement, 25
equality of opportunity, 354
expulsion of by Britain, 31
full citizenship and, 27
Homestead Act (1862) and, 334
in Lisbon, 125
massacre of in Cuba, 353
people descended from, 36
prejudice against, 25
reference to slaves, 281
Black Sea markets, Chinese captives in the, 11
black skin
association with slavery,
climatic factors and, 25
eligibility criterion for enslavement, 282
preoccupation over causes of, 30
stigma of, 25
Black/white income differentials, 36
Black/white ratios, in prison, 36
Blackamoor (slave ship), 283
Blaney, James (RAC agent), 117
Boats family (of Liverpool), 358
Bonny, 134, 166, 201, 204, 205, 210, 232, 307
Anna Pepple house in, 283
captives of, 233
linguistic homogeneity and, 307
survivors from, 313
Bonny River, 203
Bosquet d’Or (slave ship), 164
Boudriot, Jean, 195
Bourbon reforms, 69
Bowsers, Frederick, 241
Brazil, 98, 168, 314
abolition in, 248
Africa-born slaves in, 18
Africans and African Americans from, 334
agricultural renaissance, 98
apprenticeships in, 317
Black people in, 353
Brazilian slave trade, 19
demographic structure in, 18n44
fertility of the Brazilian slave population, 19
free Black people before abolition, 94
gold and silver production in, 167
gold production, 88
intra-America slave trade, 235
invasion of, 101
number of slaves sent to, 234
plantation produce from, 149
southern, 5
Brazil Frigate (slave ship), 73
Brazil–Argentine war, 318
Breda, Treaty of, 58
“bridgeheads of Empire,” 324
Bristol (England), 4, , 49, 59, 118, 169, 185
Black sailors in slave trade from, 74n76
letters from, 202
merchants from, 68
sugar refinery in, 119
Bristol (Rhode Island), 47
Britain, slavery and perceptions of violence,
British abolition, 91
Accompong Town Maroons and, 141
and decision to abolish slavery, 291
apprenticeship system and, 320
British Abolition of the Slave Trade Act, 316
British Admiralty, 297
British American shipbuilding sites, 68
British anti-slave trade policy, 343
British Caribbean, 49
Africa-born slaves in, 18
creditors and debtors in, 67
economic impact of slavery on, 150
intra-American traffic, 235
slave markets, 68
slave registration data, 231
British Columbia, mark of slavery in, 35
British East India Company, 268
British Evening Post, 274n74
British labor force, modernization of the, 343
British naval campaign, , 310
British plantation
opportunities for owners of, 236
British plantation economies, 149
British plantations
inability of owners to compete, 350
Bronze Age, the, 32
Broteer Furro (aka Venture Smith), 344
Brown, Vincent, 44
Brown, William Wells, 249
Buenos Aires/Montevideo axis, 85
Burke, Edmund, 286
Burns, Robert, Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect, 140
Burton, John, 279
Bush, George Herbert Walker, 37
Bush, George W., 37
Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 217
Byzantine Empire, 15
Caldwell, John, 14
Cambini bank, 127
Cameroon Highlands, linguistic diversity in, 307
Cameroun Republic, 307
captives carried from Africa, 49
Caribbean
brown elites in, 333
North Atlantic income gap between, 96
notions of acceptable violence in, 274
number of slaves sent to the, 89
Caribbean immigrants, into the US, 351
Caribbean-based ventures, illicit, 61
Carreira, Antônio, 162
castrati singers, 335n79
catastrophic cruelties, 5
catchment zones, 13
Chalhoub, Sidney, 213
Chandos, Duke of, 76
chattel bondage/slavery, 9, 105, 151, 247, 315
linked to free labor, 311
revival of in the seventeenth century, 281
slave resistance to, 258
Chesapeake plantocracy, 76
child indigents, 266
child migrants, Britain and, 264
child ratios, 192
Child Slaves in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Grubbs), 18n41
China, 9, 11, 35
chattel slavery in, 15
Korean women as concubines, 34
medieval population, 15
source of enslaved peoples in mid-millennium, 11
vs. United States and slavery,
Chinese captives, 11
Chinggis Khan, 12
Chinookan and Wakashan-speakers Indigenous societies, 36
Christendom, 25, 33, 106
color symbolism and, 25
no slaving zones in, 29
perceptions of self within, 34
Christians, held in slavery, 137
Churchill (captain), 198
Cicerón (slave ship), 168n38
Cilucängy (aka Ward Lee), 314
circum-Caribbean, 48
Citóyen (slave ship), 282
Clapham sect luminaries, 347
Clarkson, Thomas, 148
Cline, Emmanuel, 324
Cobbett, William, 261
Cock, Francis, 116
Coclanis, Peter, 145
coffee production, 221
Côlonia do Sacramento, 80
colonial bullion production, 167
colonial income, 99n140
color symbolism, 25
Colqhoun, Patrick, 342
“comfort women,” Korean, 35
commodity exports, 236
commodity exports, Western African, 234
Compagnie de Guinée, 129
Compagnie de l’Asiente, 129
Compagnie des Îles d’ Amérique, 89
Compagnie des Indes Occidentales, 129
Compagnie du Sénégal, 129
Companhia Geral de Pernambuco e Paraíba, 130
compensation
Accompong Town Maroons’ request for, 141
concubines, 34
Congo River, 233
consumer behavior, 141
Coopstad and Rochussen, 132
Coromandel Coast, 110
Costa, Roberto de, 117
Courland, Duchy of, 128
court slavery, 10
Courts of Mixed Commission, 296n7
Creole (slave ship), 178
creoles, 19
Cuba, 252, 307, 314
African slaves into, 69
Canary Islanders sent to, 349
emancipado status of re-captives, 316
expulsion of Africans and African Americans from, 334
Mende-speakers and, 309
myth of racial equality, 353
rise and fall of the Cuban slave trade, 91
sugar revolution in, 19n47
use of slave labor, 350
Cugoano, Ottobah, 283
Cumberland, Duke of, 273
Curse of Ham, 25
Cush, Black descendants of, 25
Cutting, Nathaniel, 164
d’Almeida, Joaquim, 212
Dahomean economy, 240
Daily Post Boy, 277
Darwin, John, 324
David, Paul, Reckoning with Slavery, 250
Deane, Stephen (slave ship captain), 139
debt financing, 67
demographic material, shortage of, 15
Desire (slave ship), 62
destitute children, 266
developed country status, 150
digital humanities project, 355
Diouf, Sylviane, 327
disabilities, of Liberated Africans, 351n117
discrimination, 354
DNA analysis, 30
Doherty, William, 184
Domesday Book, 38
domestic labor, 8
Downing, George, 60
dracunculiasis (Guinea worm), 2
Du Bois, W. E. B., 263
Dubois, Laurent, 286
Duchy of Courland, 128
Duke of Cumberland, 273
Dutch East India Company, 135
Dutch Indonesia, 352
Dutch Middelburg Company, 185
Dutch migration, 112
Dutch Sephardic Jews, 120
Dutch slave ships, 89
Dutch West India Company, 3
Eagle, Marc, 107
Earl family, 132
Earl of Inchiquin, 138
East Indies, 52
East–West trade, 12n25
Econocide (Drescher), 256
economic development
Europe’s, 225
importance of slavery to Western, 145
in the Atlantic world, 168
movement of labor from agricultural sector and, 347
role of the slave trade in the Atlantic world,
slave trade impact on Africa’s, 226
Western, 246
economic expansion, slavery and, 8
Egypt, 34
Ehinger, Heinrich, 127
Eighteenth-Century Collections Online, and American Imprints, 278
Eisner, Gisela, 96
Eliza (slave ship),
Elizabeth (slave ship), 203
Elizabeth and Sarah (slave ship), 49
Ellen (slave ship), 139
Eltis-Richardson Atlas, 310
Emancipation, 18, 333
Brazil granting unconditional, 317
full freedom and, 351
post-emancipation Caribbean, 286
embarkation points, 216
England, 105, 110, 138
as a racial state, 32
Captain Deane return to, 139
check on abuse of power in, 278
Cuba’s per capita income compared to, 96
in the 1600s, 273
letters from Bristol, 202
Liverpool, 148
Liverpool and Bristol, 185
London and Bristol, 68
neutrality in war between the Netherlands and Portugal, 88
orphaned and destitute children in, 266
per capita production in, 95
protection of the enslaved in, 280
real wages in, 104
reform of slavery in, 290
slave trade and, 125
slave-based empire building of, 270
study of violence in, 272
transoceanic migration from, 115
war with France, 181
white servitude in, 112
English Caribbean, 55
English indentured servants to the, 115
European settlers in, 120
sugar cultivation in, 120
English Civil War, 269
English Committee for Foreign Plantations, 96
Enlightenment, 259
enslaved Africans, 78, See also slaves
Brazil and, , 84
Cuba and, 69
English public and, 271
first recorded landing in the US, 46
in Spanish Americas, 359
markets for, 108
number transported from the Gold Coast to Barbados, 126
numbers of in Jamaica and St. Domingue, 90
Portuguese and, 32
production and,
slave traders as former, 212
Spanish Americas and, 92
transported to Cuba, 309
transported to Suriname, 132
used of in gold mining, 98
enslaved people, 18, See also slaves
Africa-born, 18
as wages, 74
collective ownership of, 10
Cuban merchants and, 157n8
disembarking from steam-powered ships, 70
ratio of with African descent, 22
vs. free people in the Americas, 12
enslaved population, of the Old World vs. the New World, 26
enslavement mechanisms, 17
Epic of Gilgamesh, the, 7
epidemiological apocalypse, 51
Equiano, Olaudah, 283
Espindola, Polo de, 127
ethnolinguistic associations, 199
ethnolinguistic links, 231
Europe
economic significance of slave trade to,
impact of slave trade on,
Muslims held as slaves in, 137
European colonies, demographic patterns of, 13
European consumers. and the slave trade, 42
European emigrants, legal protections for, 353
European immigration, World War I and, 334
European migrants, 311
European migrants, homesteading option for, 346
European overseas expansion, 8
European prejudice,
European Union protective policy, 350
European war, impact of on the Atlantic slave trades, 86
European welfare, slave trade contribution to,
Evangelicals, 257
Everill, Bronwen, 262
Ewe linguistic group, 308
Felipe Gonzalez, Jorge, 231
females
apprenticeship and, 340
component of the forced migration, 14
human trafficking and, 27
Liberated Africans in Freetown, 335
Ferentz (captain), 172
Ferreira, Roquinaldo, 92
fertility rate, 19
Fett, Sharla, 319
flattened heads,
Florentino, Manolo, 187
Fly (cutter sloop), 169
food, non-Indigenous in sub-Saharan Africa, 14
foodstuffs, nutritional content of, 14
forced labor, 248n4
forced migration/migrations, 6, , 45, 52
female component of, 14
French and Dutch, 297
of Africans to the Americas, 101
to Liberia, 334
forty acres and a mule, 344
fossil jawbone, 30n75
Fourth of July (slave ship), 282
Fouta Djallon, 210
Fragoso, João, 187
France, 79, 99, 121, 141, 151, 360
cessation of St. Dominigue to, 98
economic impact of slavery on,
hostilities with Spain, 86
investors in the slave trade from, 133
per capita income of, 96
reparations from Haiti, 345
slave trade and, 125
subsidization of slave trade of, 122
Franc-maçon (slave ship), 68
Fraternité (slave ship), 282
Fredensborg (slave ship), 172
free labor, 255, 289, 311, 341
concept of, 342
factory workers and, 345
in silver mines, 123
vs. slavery, 339
free migrants, 1
free womb laws, 289
freed persons, trafficking in slaves, 213
Freemasons, 68
French Canada, 134
French economy, 150
French navy, Liberated Africans and, 318
French West Africa, slave societies in, 237
General Ramirez (slave ship), 316n45
Gezegend Suikerriet (slave ship), 171
Gini coefficient, 72
global plague, 8
global populations, reintegration of, 31
Goiás, 77
gold and silver, 88n112
American, 225
difficulties mining, 57
export to southeast Asia, 87
need for slave labor to get, 80
production of, 167
production of American, 54
gold, riverine, 77
gold-bearing regions, 77
golden rule, and European-African relations, 287
Goldsmith-Kress Library of Economic Literature, 278
Gordon, David, 238
Gottschall, Jonathan, 41
Goulart, Mauricio, 91
Gouvenot, Laurent de, 127
greed, discussions about, 348
Greenberg, Michael, 284
Grootschaar, Pieter, 139
groundnut areas (Upper Guinea), slavery and the, 234
Grubbs, Judith Evans, 18n41
grumetes, 104
Guangzhou, China, Africans in, 11
Guinea worm (dracunculiasis), 2
Guinea-Bissau, 231
Gulf of Guinea islands, 104
Hahn, Steve, 258
Haiti, 90, 287, 311, See also St. Domingue
autarky, 349
GDP per capita, 346
Haitian elites and the plantation economy, 345
independence of, 351
landholdings in, 345
payment of reparations to France, 345
per capita product in, 96
role in British abolition decision, 291
Haitian navy, 297
Hall, Robert, 174n54
Hanson Jones, Alice, 95
Harris, John, 70
Hart, Richard, 258
Hausa, 324
Hawthorne, Walter, 244
Hegelian paradox, 262
Heng, Geraldine, 32
Hermano & Cía firm (slave traders), 100
Heywood, Linda, 213
Hibbard, Robert, 76
Highlands, the Spanish American, 54
Hilt, Eric, 151
Hindu monastic lineages, 10
Hispaniola, 85
History of the World in 100 Objects, A, 172
HMS Albatross, 192
HMS Pearl, 193
homesteading option, European migrants and, 346
homosexuality, 264
Huggins, Nathan,
human pawns/pawnship, 227
Hurston, Zora Neale, 328n69
Hutson, Alaine S., database of, 26n65
Iberian Americas, 53, 314
dominance of, 74
enslaved persons arriving in, 150
financing and hiring strategies of traders of the, 74
impact of coartación on, 94
Jesuit slaveholdings in, 8
survivors of Atlantic slave trade living in the, 92
Iberian nations, slave trade and the, 102
Ibn Battuta, 16
Ijaw linguistic group, 308
Ijo linguistic group, 308
illegal migrants, 169
Immigration and Nationality Act (1965), 354
Imo River, 233
imports per person, value of, 228
Inchiquin, Earl of, 138
indentured servants, 1, 51, 118, 169, 199
Asian contract laborers, 322
English, 115
European, 270
French engagés as, 112
French equivalent of, 89
slaveries and, 112
Indian Ocean World (IOW) slave trades, 14
Indigenous African trade networks, trust and, 227
Indigenous American, 33
Indigenous peoples, 2, 92, 267
great dying of, 19
in Spanish Americas, 359
of the Canaries, 106
work in silver mines, 98
Indigenous populations
decline of, 1
enslavement of, 1
epidemiological apocalypse and the, 51
population growth, 20
slavery of in Africa, 221
industrialization, 8, 60, 148, , 363
and the end of slavery, 256
British, 252
deterrence to in France, 345
European fabric during, 143
foreign trade-driven, 263
links between abolitionism and,
Netherlands, 151
of France, 151
second slavery and, 44
infanticide, punishment for, 266
International Labor Organization, 248
intra-American traffic, 84
investment
British direct investment in, 132
Gini coefficient and research in slave trade, 72
in Brazilian slave trade center, 72
larger investors in the slave trade, 134
Portuguese plantation, 100
small investor ratio, 134
small investors in the slave trade,
unusual investment patterns in the slave trade, 160
Irving, James (slave ship captain), 138
Islam, 26
color symbolism and, 25
Islamic conflict effect on sex ratios, 241
Islamic influences on slavery, 10
Islamic populations, 15
Islamic powers and no slaving zones in, 29
Islamic slaves, 24
source of slaves in the medieval Islamic world, 25
Israel, 350
Italian boys, 335n79
Jacobs, Claas, 138
Jamaica, 235, 258
Asian labor to, 346
cession to England, 98
English workers sent to, 349
Maroon communities in, 141
modern per capita GDP, 346
per capita production in, 95
slave arrivals in,
slave entrepot, 79
slave population of, 91
Tacky’s Rebellion, 260
Thomas Thistlewood in, 22
Janissaries, 8
Jeune Adèle (slave ship), 319
Jim Crow laws, 352
Jins, 15
Jones, Alice Hanson, 100n140
Jurchens, 15
Kealoo, 324
Kelly, Morgan, 227
Kennedy, Joseph, 223
King Agaja of Dahomey, 205
King Amboe (slave ship), 283
King Kosoko (Cocioko), 210
King of Bonny, 204
King of Dahomey, 204
King Pepple, 283
King Varrée of Bonny, 203
L’Anémone (slave ship), 319
L’Aurore (slave ship), 195
La Escalera conspiracy, 33n81
labor
labor debts, 1
labor markets, 342
labor markets in the Americas, 352
post-emancipation labor problems, 321
shortages on the sugar estates, 322
Laborde, Jean-Joseph de, 76
Lancashire, 148
Lancaster, 119
Land Cooperative scheme, 343
land ownership, by Blacks, 334n73
Lane, Paul, 12
Law, Robin, 210
Lawrence, Fenda, 214
Lea (slave ship), 138
Leach, Edmund, 9
“Legacies of British Slave-Ownership,” 124
“Legacies of the British Slave Trade: The Structure and Significance of British Slave Trade Investment, 1550–1807,” 124
Legacy of British Slavery group, 36
Legítimo Africano (slave ship), 190
lettres patentes, of the Crown, 130
Leusden (slave ship), slaves murdered on the, 3
Levelers, the, 105
Liberated Africans, 303, 320n54, 335
acceptance of, 352
apprenticeship status of, 315
arriving in the British Caribbean, 320
assignment of status, 298
assignment of status by default, 325
Brazilian government emancipation of, 317
British policy toward, 348
disabilities of, 351n117
freedoms after disembarkation, 341
French navy and, 318
going to Sierra Leone, 324
in Freetown, 324
in South Africa’s Cape Colony, 318
in the Old World, 334
inflow into the British Caribbean, 321
languages of, 309
photographic evidence of, 292
plight of, 336
racism and violence after freedom,
rebellion against the crew, 295
regions of disembarkment, 299
register of, 199
libertos, 353
Liberty (slave ship), 282
Lima, Jose de Cerqueira, 71
Lisbon, 55, 65
Black population of, 125
center of slave trade, 107
population of, 32
ships leaving from, 58
transatlantic slave trade in, 47
Little George (slave ship), 276
Liverpool, 131, 144, 148, 185, 233
Black sailors in slave trade from, 74n76
ownership of voyages from, 147
riot, 126
Lloyd’s List shipping newspaper, 276
loss ratio, due to captures, 235
Lower Columbia River, 36
Lowlands of Spanish America, the, 54
Luanda, 58, 73, 103, , 164, 167, 169, 233, 236, 241, 296
Dutch loss of control over, 114
Dutch occupation of, 116
former slave as slave trader in, 213
imports of, 65
population of, 163
Portuguese control of, 71
Portuguese transshipment point at, 57
trade of goods from, 143
Lushington, Stephen, 347
lynchings, 352
Madeira, 7
Maillard, Thomas, 127
Mali, 23n58
manumission rates, 19
Maori, , 138
Maranhão, 130
Marchionni, Bartolomeo, 127
maritime bondage, expansion of, 12
marketplace, for trading people, 10
marriage, 9
Martin, Phyllis, 167
Martinez, Pedro, 100
Martinique, 61, 120, 297, 313
Africans who stayed in, 320
Igbo terms/names, 313
Liberated Africans in, 318
main destination for Africans, 121
slave arrivals to, 90
Martins, Domingos José, 212
Mascarene Islands, 234
Mason-Dixon line, 311
Master-Servant Act, 273
Mato Grosso (of Brazil), 77
Mau Mau detainees, settlement to, 264
Mauro, Frederic, 91
McCormick, Michael, 23
Meaher, Timothy, 344
medieval millennium
Eurasian slavery of the, 22
movement of enslaved people during, 16
plantation slavery in, 20
slavery before and after the, 7
trading of people during the, 10
Mediterranean and Black seas, 32
Mediterranean Atlantic, 106
Meillassoux, Claude, 16
Mellis, John Charles, 3
Menz, Max, 58
Mesopotamia, 8
Methuen Treaty, 115
Middelburgse Commercie Compangie, 207
Middle Ages, 27
no-slaving zones during, 29
prejudice against Black people in the, 25
terms for slave during, 24
migrant Asian workers, 351
Mina Coast, 164
“Miracle of San Marco, The” (painting), 26
miscegenation, 34
missionaries, 324
Mixed Commission Courts, 153, 173, 296n7, 296, 298, 303, 320
Cuban and Brazilian tribunals and, 317
Sierra Leone, 307
“mobby” (alcohol), 66
Moco linguistic group, 307
modern prostitution, 248
Mongol Empire/Mongols, , 15, 20, 23, 24, 34, 39
enslaved Eurasian people and the, 12
Europeans as, 41
expansions in Central Asia, 240
slave trade and the, 36
victories of, 17
Monserrate (slave ship), 316n45
Montaudoin family, 132
Moral Capital (Brown), 257
moral perspectives, on slavery,
moral values, shifts in,
morality, 33
“More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing,”(Sen), 289
More, Thomas, 105
Morgan, Jennifer, 45
Moriori, 40
mortality, slave, 173
Mozambique Island, 161
Mulgrave Zimmermann, Catherine, 325
Muslim Middle East, 15
Naïade (slave ship), 76
Nairac family, 132
Nantes Memorial to the Abolition of Slavery, 355
Napoleonic Wars, 83
National Museum of African American History and Culture, Washington, 355
Negro Merchant (slave ship), 283
Negroes Nest (slave ship), 282
negros emancipados, 316
Netherlands, 58, 104, , 110, 122, 141, 361
economic growth of, 111
expulsion from Pernambuco, 120
industrialization in the, 151
slave trade and, 125
small investors in the slave trade from the,
transatlantic war with Portugal, 88
Neves, José Paes Falcão das, 78
New England rum ships, 50
New England slave traders, 55
Newman, Simon, 259
Newport, 63
newspapers, 278
African shipboard resistance reports in, 260
English awareness of the transoceanic world through,
mention of Blacks in English, 271
reports incidence of slave revolts in, 275
reports on the depravity of slavery, 274
Niger River, 233
Njinga of Ndongo (Queen), 213
Nombre de Dios, 85
non-Indigenous foodstuff, 14
non-Indigenous population, 33
Norman conquest, 32
North Africa, 11, 87, 103, 139
Christians as slaves in, 137
English captives in, 271
European captives in, 105
Europeans liable to enslavement in, 106
no-slaving zones in, 29
white slaves in, 281
North Atlantic slave trades, small investors in, 74
northern India, 15
northern Iraq, 7
Nossa Senhora de Nazaré e S Antônio (slave ship), 178
Nossa Senhora do Rozario do Castello (slave ship), 179
Nova Redondo, 325
NS da Penha de França (slave ship), 74
NS do Monserrat e Piedade (slave ship), 117
Nuestra Señhora de los Remedios (slave ship), 54
Nunn, Nathan, 226
Nunn/Wantchekon position, 227
O’Malley, Greg, 84
Oceans of Kinfolk database, 330
Old Testament, the, 34
Oldendorp, Christian Georg Andreas, 241
Oldfield, John, 247
Oliveira, Fernão, Arte da Guerro do Mar, 125
Original Affluent Society, The (Sahlins), 341
Ormond, John, 214
Ormond, John Jr., 214
Orr, Leslie, 20
Orthodox Christians, 106
Padmore, George, 263
palenques, 141
Palmer, Colin, 92
Palmerston Act, 343
pan-African identity, 2
pan-American identity, 2
Para and Maranhäo company, 135
Parés, Luis Nicolau, 59
Parzival (von Eschenbach), 25
Pax Mongolica, 12n25
Pearce, Adrian, 85
Pearson, Andrew, 335
Pennsylvania Abolition of Slavery Act (1780), 316
Pepple, Anna, 283
Pequot War, 62
per capita GDP averages, modern, 346
per capita income, Caribbean vs. in England, 95
Pernambuco (Recife), 55, 56, 58, 73, 130
Dutch attack on, 57
Dutch Jews expelled from, 89
Dutch loss of control over, 114
expulsion of the Netherlands from, 120
Portuguese retaking of, 58
tobacco, 142
Phoebe (slave ship), 315
photographic evidence, of Liberated Africans, 292
Pierre Soulé (slave ship), 62
Pinellis, of Genoa, 127
Pinker, Steve, 268
plantation complex/complexes, , 33, 44, 55, 90, 98, 145, 235
consumer choice and, 28
Dutch and the, 58
Europe as instigator of, 52
plantation produce, 52, 363
Brazil production of, 149
consumer demand for, 141
exported to Europe, 87
Portuguese system and, 167
prices of, 223
St. Domingue output, 101
Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (Burns), 140
Poest, Andries van der, 134
police shootings, Black/White victims of, 36
polygamy, 9
Polyglotta Africana (Koelle), 2
pombeiros, 104
Pope Gregory I, 38
Popular Anti-Slavery and the Birth of Abolitionism (Blackburn), 253
population
Brazilian slave in the, 19
decline in Africa and the slave trade,
discussions about during slavery era,
medieval global, 15
population growth
African populations, 244
in Africa, 14
in the Americas, 13
Indigenous populations, 20
natural rate of growth in Antigua, 5
of female slaves, 21
of the US Black population, 91
of US slave population, 150
recovery rate, 219
slave trade prevention of, 216
population loss, due to slave trade in Africa, 14
portmanteau biota, 52
Portugal
baptized Black slaves in, 284n103
emigrants/population ratio of, 218
transatlantic war with the Netherlands, 88
Portuguese Empire, 53
Portuguese merchants, intra-American slave trade,
Portuguese sea loans, 136
Portuguese slave vessels, 170
Portuguese South Atlantic, 70
possessive individualism, 342
post Reconstruction, 334
Postlethwaite, Malachy, 284
post-slavery society, 353
Price, Jacob, 66
prison populations, Black/white ratios in, 36
private investment, 131
profit maximization, 2
property tax list (1853), 324
proselytization, religious, 41
prostitution, modern, 248
Public Advertiser, 267
Rabah, Bilal ibn, 25
racism, 36, 249, 287, 333, 334, 350, 364
against
Black people, 354
among abolitionists, 124
and slavery decisions of Europeans, 354
barring of in Cuba, 352
psychological effects, 255
scientific literature and, 348
Radburn, Nicholas, 170
raids,
Reconquista, in Iberia, 32
Regulations for the future Disposal and Support of such Negroes, 340
Republican Party, working-class support of the, 344
Richardson, David, 247
Rio de la Plata, 78
Río Platense merchants, 48
Riva, Juan Pérez de la, 95
riverine gold, 77
Roanoke Island, 102
Roberts, Justin, 274
Rogers, James, 169
Roi Guinguin, 283
Roll Jordan Roll (Genovese), 255
Rosenberg, Phillipe, 272
Royal African Company, 61, 68, 126, 130, 131, 134, 138, 143, 185, 197
capture of rum ship by, 65
English monopoly of slave trade and, 61
slave voyages of, 140
Royal Charlotte (slave ship), 279
rum ship, 65
Rupert’s Valley, St. Helena, 323
Rus, arrival of the, 21
S Miguel Triunfante (slave ship), 198
Sahlins, Marshall, The Original Affluent Society, 341
Saint George (slave ship), 134
Salé (Morocco), 138
Salvador de Bahia, 59
Samanids, 11
San Fortunato el Nuevo (slave ship), 78
San Miguel del Gualdape, 46
Santa Catalina (slave ship), 107
Santana (slave ship), 212
Santos, Dona Ana Joaquina, 213
satisficing, definition of, 341
Sayler, Hieronymus, 127
Scheidel, Walter, 6
Schindlmayr, Thomas, 14
Scott, James C., 16
Scottish colliers, 266
sea loans, Portuguese, 136
seas, as slave routes, 11
self-enslavement, 17
semi-precious beads and brass bracelets, 143
Sen, Amartya, “More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing,” 289
Sephardic Jews, Dutch, 120
serfdom, 290
abolishment in Scottish coalmines, 269
decline of, 105
early Eastern Europe, 105
second, 266
settled society, enslaved people and, 8
sex ratios. See also mortality rates
in slave populations, 244
internecine Islamic conflict and, 241
Portuguese Angolan slave population, 244
West-Central African populations,
sexual labor, 8
Shaddad, Antarah ibn, 25
Shammas, Carole, 141
Sharp, Granville, 284
Sherbro, 309
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 344
Siaka (King of Galinhas), 231
Sierra Leone, 161, 236, 314, 334, 346, 352
ex-captives in, 332
GDP per capita, 346
languages and dialects in, 303
Liberated Africans going to, 324
population of, 352
Silk, Thomas, 198
Silva, Carlos da, 92
Silva, Pablo Miguel Sierra, 92
silver export sector, 48
slave labor, 1
creoles as, 19
effect of sugar production on, 28
market for, 77
of the Caribbean sugar colonies, 18
renewing slave status of, 75
sources of, 17
transition from white indentured to Black, 60
slave markets, , 38, 47, 82, 114, 296
British Caribbean, 68
Eurasia and, 196
in Cairo, 23
in Eastern Europe, 21
in Eurasia, 200
re-captives and, 315
Scandinavian Dublin, 38
slave mortality, 173
slave owners
slave populations, 110, 244, 301
Cuba, 94
females in, 20
global, 22
Iberia’s Black component of, 106
in Western Africa, 221
Jamaica’s total, 91
non-French territories, 121
slave resistance/revolts, 3, 42, 139, 168,
abolitionist activism and, 275
regional bias and, 176
reports of in English newspapers,
risks of on slave ships, 195
study of in Jamaica, 258
slave ships,
Abbot Devereux, 213
Amistad, 177
Amistad captives and the Mende language, 309
Anna, 138
Ardennes, 3
Aventureiro, 324
Black Boy, 283
Black Joke, 282
Blackamoor, 283
Clotilda, 325
Creole, 178
Desire, 62
Eliza,
Elizabeth, 203
Elizabeth and Sarah, 49
Ellen, 139
Fourth of July, 282
Fraternité, 282
Fredensborg, 172
General Ramirez, 316n45
Gezegend Suikerriet, 171
Jeune Adèle, 319
King Amboe, 283
L’Anémone, 319
L’Aurore, 195
Legítimo Africano, 190
Leusden, 3
Liberty, 282
Little George, 276
Madanela Cansyna, 136
Monserrate, 316n45
Naïade, 76
Negro Merchant, 283
Negroes Nest, 282
Nossa Senhora de Nazaré e S Antônio, 178
Nossa Senhora do Rozario do Castello, 179
NS da Penha de França, 74
NS do Monserrat e Piedade, 117
Nuestra Señhora de los Re, 54
Phoebe, 315
Royal Charlotte, 279
S. Miguel Triunfante, 198
Saint George, 134
San Fortunato el Nuevo, 78
Santa Catalina, 107
Santana, 212
Snow Tulip, 69
Veloz, 179
Ventura, 312
Vergulde Zon, 134
slave soldiers, 8
slave trade
barriers to,
Brazilian traffic, 234
class-based/race-based interpretation of, 73
cruelty of,
direct British investment in, 132
economic significance of,
impact of African slavery on,
impact of on African population,
impact of suppression of the,
investment in Brazilian slave center, 72
larger investors in the, 134
morality of the, 33
new data and questions about,
petition in favor of the, 125
phases of the, 167
private investment in, 73
role of people of African descent and, 214
small investments in the,
statistics and, 1
suppression of, 233
unusual investment patterns in, 160
Slave Trade Abolition Bill (1807), 340
Slave Trade Department of the British Foreign Office, 203
Slave Trade Piracy Act (1820), 319
slave vessels, 50, See also slave ships
capture of, 297
from West Indian ports, 50
Portuguese, 170
reports of violence on, 291
slave voyages, 47, 68, 107, 111, 129, 131, 157, 159
Americas and, 52
Black crew leaving Brazil, 74
captained by John Newton, 139
disembarking in Barbados, 61
dispatching,
English, 119
European and American-based, 48
European territories, 58
French Americas, 120
from French ports, 110
from Kingston, Jamaica, 61
investment, 133
leaving Lisbon, 108
PAST interface of, 303
Portuguese, 165
slavery, 112, See also slaves
agricultural, 22
court, 10
debates over definition of, 10
definition of, 9
economic expansion and, 8
French abolition of, 126
geographic patterns in movement, 11
history of, 7
in global history, 9
Indigenous, 215
industrialization and the ending of, 256
Islamic influences and, 10
Meillassoux’s model of, 16
military, 10
moral perspectives on,
New World, 230
psychological effects of, 255
study of slavery and the slave trades, 4
temple, 8
Slavery and Abolition’s annual bibliography, 7
Slavery, Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution (Berg & Hudson), 145
slaves
African-born, 18
demographic scenarios of African descent,
effect of wars on, 17
estimated arrival of in the Americas, 89
freeing themselves,
galley, 32
major source of,
price of, 223
prices of in Atlantic slave trade, 254
rights of some, 10
slavevoyages.org, 86, 102, 145, 195, 215, 216, 220, 229, 238,
expanded version of, 222
slave ship database of, 36
slaving ventures records in, 71
slaving ventures to Brazil in, 58
Slavic labor, 51
Slavic regions, Latin slave trading in, 35
small landholdings, 346, 348, 353
former slaves and ownership of, 346
Haitians and, 349
in Mobile, 344
Irish immigrants and, 347
Liberated Africans and, 345
Smallwood, Stephanie, 44
Smith, James, 198
Smith, Venture, 344
Smitt, Coenraad, 132
Smitt, Matthijs, 132
Snow Tulip (slave ship), 69
social death, 248
social dependency, 10
social leakage, 37
Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, 284
South Africa, Cape Colony, 318
South Asian labor, 51
South Atlantic slave trade, 194
South Carolina, 139
Cilucängy (Ward Lee) living in, 315
reopening its ports to the transatlantic traffic, 99
reopening of slave trade, 198
slave ships from, 54
survivors of the Wanderer in, 326
South Sea Bubble, 131
South Sea Company, , 140
Southeast Asia, debt-bondage in, 248
southern Brazil, 5
Souza, João Ferreira, 71
Soyo army, 27
Spanish Americas, 87
Africa’s contribution to the population of, 92
economies of, 54
galley slaves in, 29
importance of the South Atlantic to, 356
Lowland, 359
non-Indigenous population, 33
palenques in, 141
Spanish Casa de la Contractión (House of Trade), 107
Spanish conquistadors, 53
St. James Chronicle, 285
St. Domingue
invasion of by the English and the French, 150
plantation produce from, 101
slave economy of, 151
St. Eustatius, 79
St. James’s Chronicle, The, 274n74
St. Lawrence River, 102
St. Maurice, 25
Stanton, Edwin, 344
Stephen, James, 288
Steuart, James, 342
Steuart, John, 283
sub-Saharan Africa/Africans
European prejudice and,
first sale of as chattel, 26
non-Indigenous foods in, 14
population, 219
produce exports value, 233
sugar plantations, 339
Asian contract workers on, 286
in Brazil using slave labor, 108
in the lowland Vera Cruz region, 80
indentured laborers on French Caribbean, 199
of French colonies, 297
Portuguese slave supply system and, 358
transatlantic slave trade and, 76
surplus value,
surrogate settlers, 33
systemic racism, in the US South, 333
Tacky’s Rebellion, 260
Tamerlane, 12
tangomãos, 104
Tarleton family, 132
Taylor, Henry, 339
Thorne, Robert, 127
Thornton, John, 196, 213, 221, 222, 226, ,
estimate of slaves from West Central Africa, 243
undermining of trust of Africans, 226
Thurloes, Thomas (RAC agent), 116
Tigris–Euphrates region, 11
Tikari (ethnolinguistic group), 231
Tillman, Ben, 327
Time magazine, 264
Times, the, 285
Tom, Prins, 210
Tønsborg, 131
trading posts, 57
transatlantic slave trade, 29, 58
estimated size of, 108
impact of demand for plantation produce on, 34
intra-American slave trade and,
Transformations in Slavery (Lovejoy), 220
transoceanic migration, impact of, 31
transoceanic slave trades/voyages, 119, 157, 238
Africans’ involvement in, , 245
dispatching,
sea loans and, 136
transoceanic transportation, 28
transoceanic voyages, deaths on, 2
trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean, exodus of Africans via the, 23
trans-Saharan slave trade, 14
Treaty of Breda, 58
Treaty of Utrecht, 130
Tryon, Thomas, 137
TSTD Enslavers database, 66, , 145, 157, , 168, 174, 176, 357
British Caribbean ports information in the, 68
CD-ROM version of, 180
information on violence on slave vessels, 164
Liverpool slave vessels information in the, 147
records of Portuguese slaving ventures, 185
records on Brazil, 56
sex and age ratios information in the, 183
Turing, Alan, 264
twelve tribes of Israel, 34
Umayyad Caliphate, 17
United Mongol Empire, 24
United Nations Trafficking Protocol, 248
United States
dependence on slave trade, 91
expulsion of Africans and African Americans from, 334
first slaves received, 46
Germans and Eastern Europe emigrants to, 351
intra-American traffic, 235
shipping industry, growth of, 100n140
systemic racism in the South, 333
US Immigration and Nationality Act (1965), 351
US Revolutionary War, 332
vs. China and slavery,
Upper Cross River, 233
urbanization, 8
Urhobo linguistic group, 308
Usselinx, Willem, 137
Utrecht, Treaty of, 130
Vallodolid debates, 105
value of captives, 75
Vasa, Gustavus, 283
Veer, Albert van der, 134
Veloz (slave ship), 179
Ventura (slave ship), 312
Venture Smith, 344
Vergulde Zon (slave ship), 134
Vieira, João, 73
violence
Caribbean and notions of acceptable, 274
effect on disappearance of New World slavery, 262
notions of acceptable, 273
publicly sanctioned, 275n75
violence of abstraction, 44
VJ Day kiss, in Times Square, 264
von Eschenbach, Wolfram, Parzival, 25
voting rights, 354
voyage mortality rates, by age–sex groupings, 174
Voyages database, 48
voyages, funding in the South Atlantic, 71
Vries, Jan de, 228
W. E. B. Du Bois Institute, 1
Wakashan and Chinookan-speakers Indigenous societies, 36
Walk-Free Foundation, 248
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 44
Walsh, Lorena S., 76
Walsh, Robert, 179
Walvin, James, 44
Wantchekon, Leonard, 226
warrior-merchants, 209
Webster, Jane, 170
Wedderburn, Robert, 261
Welch (captain), 203
Welser family, 127
West African nation states, transatlantic movement from, 217
West African settlement, natural resources available to, 346
West Central Africa, 27, 142, 159, 168, 200, 214, 218, 219, 221, 231, 234, 243, 357
Portuguese, 208
sex ratios in,
Thirty Years’ War in, 220
Western economic growth, 223
Western Europe, 31, 141, 219, 255, 345
economic development and slave trade, 226
statistics on enslaved peoples, 15
Westphalia, Treaty of, 273
white servitude, in England, 112
Whitehaven, 119
Wickevoort, Pieter van, 134
Wilhelm, James Godfrey, 324
Will, James, 324
women slaves
in northern Europe, 21
working-class suffrage, 343
World War II, Korea
Korean “comfort women” (women as concubines), 35
Woude, Ad van der, 228
Wyatt, David, 21
