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Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 September 2025

Edited by
William Nikolakis
William Nikolakis
Affiliation:
University of British Columbia, Vancouver

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Land Rights Now
Global Voices on Indigenous Peoples and Land Justice
 , pp. 341 - 348
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Aboriginal, See Indigenous
activist, xi, 2, 31–32, 37, 56, 120, 122, 125, 130, 132, 138, 221, 275, 310–315, 317–320, 322, 324–326, 331, 334–335
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 192, 195, 198
agricultural production
agriculture, 13, 40–41, 64, 74, 76–77, 89, 101–103, 155–156, 158–159, 189, 206, 214, 262, 310, 315
Australia
1967 Referendum, 3, 122–124, 129, 135
Aboriginal Land Fund Commission (ALFC), 127–128, 132–134
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act, 5, 9, 11, 127–128, 139, 143
Arnhem Land Aboriginal Reserve, 3
Australian Labor Party (ALP), 123, 125, 129, 131
Bark petition, 3, 18
Bjelke-Petersen government, 131–132, 137
Burke government, 135
Council for Aboriginal Affairs (CAA), 123, 126
Court government, 133
deed of grant-in-trust (DOGIT), 132, 136
Fraser government, 119, 128–134, 145
Hawke government, 119, 134–136, 145
High Court, 5, 120–121, 132, 137–140, 177, 179
Holding, Clyde, 134–136
Howard government, 139
Keating government, 137–139
Mabo v Queensland (No. 2) 1992, 137, 298
Mabo v. Queensland, 5, 9, 137–139
McMahon government, 122–124
Milirrpum v. Nabalco Pty. Ltd., 3, 5
mining, 18, 128, 130–133, 135–138, 142–143, 159
National Aboriginal Consultative Committee (NACC), 126–127, 134–135
National Agreement on Closing the Gap, 119
native title, 3, 5, 9, 15, 119–121, 137–145, 178
Native Title Act, 5, 9, 138–141, 145
New Federalism, 134
Noongar Settlement, 141–142
Northern Territory, 2–3, 5, 18, 121–124, 132–137, 139, 141–145
Tasmanian Aboriginal Land Council (TALC), 140
Tent Embassy, 125, 130
Torrens system, 154–155, 161–162
Traditional Owner Settlement (TOS) Act 2010, 140–141
Viner, Ian, 132
Whitlam, Gough, 119, 125–134, 138
Woodward Royal Commission, 119, 125–126, 134
Yamatji Settlement, 141–142
Yirrkala, 2–3, 10, 18, 122–123
Yolŋu, 2–5, 10–11, 18, 335
Barbados Declaration, 55
Bhandar, Brenna, 151, 154–155, 161
biodiversity, 1, 194, 295, 303, 337
Botswana
Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR), 206, 212, 215–217, 221–222
Central Kalahari San legal decisions, 16, 206
Ghanzi District, 209, 212–216, 218–222
High Court judgments, 16, 206, 222, 336
hunting, 212, 214, 216–217, 219
livestock, 206, 211, 213–218
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 206–207, 219
Ranyane court case, 218
Remote Area Development Program, 207, 216, 223
remote area settlements, 16, 206–207, 218, 221–222
tourism, 206, 211–212, 216, 219
Tribal Grazing Land Policy (TGLP), 210
Tribal Land Act (1968), 210
wildlife, 210–212, 214, 216
Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs), 210–212, 221
Bourdieu, Pierre, 29
Brazil
1988 Constitution, 51–53, 56–61, 66
Amazon, 52, 55, 60, 63
barriers to land rights, 12–13, 17, 52, 336
Bolsonaro government, 59, 62–63, 65
demarcation, 50, 57–59, 62–67, 200
Indian Protection Service (SPI), 53–54, 63
Indigenous Missionary Council (CIMI), 55–57
Indigenous Rights Movement, 55–56
land grabs, 12, 14
Lula government, 65–67
Ministry of Indigenous Peoples (MPI), 65–67
National Constituent Assembly, 56–57, 65–66
National Indian Foundation (FUNAI), 54, 63, 65, 67
National Policy for Territorial and Environmental Management of Indigenous Lands (PNGATI), 59, 62, 65
Supreme Federal Court (STF), 62–65
temporal framework doctrine, 14, 335
Territorial and Environmental Management Plans for Indigenous Lands (PGTAs), 59–60
timeframe doctrine, See temporal framework doctrine
Union of Indigenous Nations (UNI), 56–57
Cambodia
2002 Forestry Law, 312
Bunong people, 312–314
Cambodia Indigenous Peoples’ Democracy Party (CIPDP), 314–318, 325
Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP), 317–318, 326
Cambodian People’s Party (CPP), 315–318, 326
Front Uni de Lutte des Races (FULRO), 316–317
Khmer Rouge, 315–317
Land Law, 2001, 312
National Supreme Consultative Group, 318
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 315, 318
Sin, Plang, 315
Canada
Aboriginal title, 5, 15, 162–165
British Columbia, 10, 19, 149, 154–157, 160–165, 298
British Crown, 5, 149, 171, 293
Calder v. British Columbia, 1973, 5
Covenant Chain, 153
Delgamuukw v. British Columbia, 163
Douglas, James, 159–161
fur trade, 155–157
Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC), 151, 156–160
Johnson, William, 153
Land Titles Act, 163–164
Peace and Friendship treaties, 150
Royal Proclamation, 152–153
Skeetchestn Indian Band and Secwepemc Aboriginal Nation v. Registrar of Land Titles, 163
Torrens system, 15, 149
Tsilhqot’in Nation v. British Columbia, 2014, 162
Chile
Chile Constitution 1980, 14, 98, 110
constitutional reforms and referenda 2022, 2023, 14, 98–110, 336
Diaguita, 98–99, 104, 108
Easter Island, 101–102
El Morro case, 108
Environmental Commission (CONAMA), 108–109
Environmental Impact Assessment System, 107
foreign investors, 107
Huircapan, Linconao Francisca, 109
Indigenous Law of 1993, 14, 98
land “normalization”, 103
land redistribution, 90, 106
Law on Marine Coastal Spaces of Native Peoples (“Ley Lafkenche”), 106
Law on Mining Concession, 107
Los Fiordos SA company, 109
Mapuche, 98–101, 106, 109–110
Mining Code, 107
National Corporation of Indigenous Development (CONADI), 106
Piñera government, 99
Pinochet government, 98, 107, 110
Rapa Nui (see also Easter Island), 98–99, 101–102
referenda, 14
Right to Consultation on Indigenous Peoples, 108
traditional medicines, 109
Water Code, 103, 107
water rights, 105, 107
climate change, xii, 194
Columbia
1991 National Political Constitution (NPC), 14, 72–73, 77–79, 82–83, 85–86, 92
Cabildo, 75–76, 80–83, 92
Colombian Constitution of 1991, 78
Comprehensive Rural Reform (RRI in Spanish), 88, 90–93
Ethnic Chapter, 89, 91–92
Land Fund, 90–93
Law 89, 75–76, 80, 82
National Commission of Indigenous Territories (CNTI), 84, 90–91
Peace Accord, 14, 73, 93, 337
Regional Indigenous Council of Cauca (CRIC), 80
resguardo, 72–81, 83, 86, 91–92
Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), 87–88
tutela, 84–86, 91–92
community-based management, xii, 211, 219
conservation, xii, 119, 180, 182, 187, 189, 194, 216, 268, 280, 290, 295, 303–306
Coulthard, Glen, 7
customary rights, 168, 176–180, 190–191, 193–194, 197–198, 200, 243, 251, 285, 295, 299, 301, 305
deforestation, 11, 18, 29, 34, 41–42
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
1973 Land Law, 192–194
2002 Forest Code, 193, 200
Baka, Batwa and Bambuti, 189
Belgian Congo, 191–192
Community Forest Concessions (CFCL), 187–188, 199–202
Congo Free State, 190–191
Constitution 2006, 192
Kahuzi-Biega National Park, 194–195
land tenure, 188–190, 192, 195, 199
Law on Indigenous Peoples, 187, 197
Law on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Indigenous Pygmy Peoples, 2023, 16, 187
legal dualism, 9, 16, 202, 235
National Roundtable on Community Forestry, 201
Doctrine of Discovery, xi, 191
Europe, xi, 191
Fisher, Robin, 155–157
Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006
Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, 250
Free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) (See also UNDRIP), 61, 91, 199
Gilbert, Jérémie, 7, 25
Gover, Kirsty, 117
human rights organizations, 36
India
Adivasi, 17, 249–277, 336
Agricultural Census, 260–261
Constitution, 17, 249–251
Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006, 9, 257–260, 270, 273–275, 277
implementation gap, 14, 17, 249, 276
Land Ceiling Act, 256
multinational corporations (MNCs), 270–272, 276
Panchayat (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA), 250–251
Scheduled Tribes (STs), 249–250
State Ceiling Acts, 256
Indigenous
Advocacy, 1, 7, 11–12, 28, 33–34, 44–45, 56–57, 77, 92, 187, 207, 246, 272, 297, 306
Cobo definition, 50
definition of, 6, 207
discrimination against, 29, 35, 311, 333, 337
dispossession of, 2, 4, 6, 11–17, 27–28, 35, 37–40, 44–45, 52, 66, 86, 98–104, 119, 124, 138, 149–154, 164, 172, 190–192, 194, 207–210, 249–260, 266–273, 280, 283–285
human rights, xii, 37, 39, 50, 193, 335
knowledge, xii, 30, 38, 60, 81, 84, 151, 154, 169–170, 212, 290, 296, 303–304, 324
land management and control, 149, 182, 236
land ownership, 2–3, 7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18, 53, 72, 86, 88, 90, 155, 189, 191, 199, 207, 251, 312, 323, 332
land restitution, 32–33, 37–39, 41–42, 44, 80, 89–90, 102, 120–148, 195
poverty, 18, 40, 42, 64, 91, 98, 187, 190, 195, 201, 271, 276, 296
recognition, 4, 6, 14, 138, 140, 145, 176, 181, 206, 296, 303, 313
resilience, 92, 140, 229, 240, 337
resistance, 1, 4, 11, 29, 66, 100, 130, 133, 137, 239, 271, 276, 331–334, 337
self-determination, xii, 6, 51, 55, 61–63, 99, 124, 126, 198, 207, 287, 314–315
spirituality, 198
strategies for land reclamation, 202, 336
tenure rights, 73–77, 82, 89, 93, 207, 213, 221–222
Indigenous dispossession, 208–212
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), 61
Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR), 37–39, 44–45
Organization of American States Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (OASDRIPS), 32
International Labour Organization
International Labour Organization Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (ILO 169), 237
international law, 14, 27, 63, 198, 333, 335
Land Back, xi–xii
Land Justice, xi–xii, 14, 16, 73, 88, 90, 187, 202, 272, 276–277, 337
land title, 41, 92, 103, 126, 161, 164, 168–169, 182, 191, 196, 200, 202, 295, 310–314, 324, 332, 336
logging, 64, 98, 109, 189, 201, 290, 293, 295
Luciano, Gersem, 62
Malaysia
Aboriginal Peoples Act, 1954, 288–289
Access to Biological Resources and Benefit Sharing Act, 2017 (ABSA), 304–305
Adong bin Kuwau v Kerajaan Negeri Johor (Adong HC), 297–298
Constitution, 298–299, 302
Department of Orang Asli Development (JAKOA), 289–290
Director of Forest, Sarawak v TR Sandah Tabau (TR Sandah FC), 301
Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM), 282–285, 288, 290–293, 295–296
Madeli bin Salleh (Madeli), 298
Malays, 281–283, 287, 289
National Land Code, 1965 (NLC), 289
Native Area Land (NAL), 291
Native Customary Land (NCL), 291
Native Customary Rights (NCR), 291–298, 301–302
Orang Asli native communities, 281–284, 286–291, 297–298, 305
Sabah Forest Enactment, 1968 (SFE), 295
Sabah Land Ordinance, 294–295, 301
Sabah native communities, 17, 280–288, 293–297, 301
Sagong bin Tasi, 300
Sarawak Land Code, 1958 (SLC), 291–292, 301
Sarawak native communities, 17, 280–288, 291–294, 296–298, 301, 304–305
statutory land rights, 288
TH Pelita Sadong Sdn Bhd v TR Nyutan Jami, 301
TR Sandah, 292, 301
Morocco
agdal customary system, 16
Amazigh languages, 231, 245
Amazigh movement, 246
amghars, 235
Arabic peoples and Islam, 231–232, 337
Berber policy, 234–235
Constitution, 231–232, 245
French Protectorate, 234–235
High Atlas Amazigh peoples, 229, 245
j’maa (local community assemblies), 17, 337
water turns, 241–242
Myanmar, 326
New Zealand
Foreshore and Seabed Act, 177–181
Māori Affairs Act, 173–174
Māori freehold land, 169–182
Marine and Coastal Area Act, 9, 178–179
mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge systems), 169, 171
Native Land Acts, 168, 182
Native Land Court, 164, 168, 172–176
Native/Māori Land Court, 169
Ngāti Apa v Attorney-General, 175
Re Edwards (Te Whakatohea (No.2)), 179
tāonga tuku iho, 15, 169, 182, 336
Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the Treaty of Waitangi), 170–172, 174, 180
Te Ture Whenua Māori/Māori Land Act (TTWM), 9, 15, 169, 174–176, 182
Te Urewera, 180–181
tikanga Māori (Māori law, values, and practices), 168, 170, 174, 177–178, 182
Torrens system, 168, 172
Treaty settlements, 180–182
Waitangi Tribunal, 172, 176, 181
Norway
Finnmark Act, 9, 333–334
Onofre, Muñoz, 74, 82
Organization of American States
American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 61, 104
Paraguay
Aché case, 31, 37
barriers to land rights, 27–36, 40–44, 336
Chaco, 29, 33, 36, 39, 41
history and evolution of land rights, 28–32
implementation gap, 34–39
Inter-American System, 28, 34, 36–37, 39, 45
land rights judgments, 39
land rights settlements, 38–39
Law 904/81, 31–33, 38, 40–41, 44
Paraguayan Institute of the Indigenous (INDI), 31–33
pendulum policy, 28, 30–31
rental of Indigenous land, 42
violence, 27, 31, 34, 38, 43
Phillipines
Sulong Katribu, 326
post-colonial governments, xi
Povinelli, Elizabeth, 6
prior consultation, 67, 83–91, 199
ranching, 29, 38–39, 60, 210, 213
resource extraction, 1, 106
Rights and Resources Initiative, 11
Sámi
Alta conflict, 331
FeFo (Finnmark Commission), 333
Finland, 331–334
Finnmark, 333
Girjás case, 334
Laula-Renberg, Elsa, 333
Norway, 9, 335
Norwegian Supreme Court, 334
Reindeer, 332–335, 337
Russia, 331–333
Sámi Parliament, 331
Sámi Rights Commission, 331
Sápmi, 332, 337
Scandinavia, 331
siida (Sámi Village) system, 333, 337
Supreme Court of Sweden, 334
Svarskog case, 334
Sweden, 331, 333–334
Swedish Crown, 332
Tax Mountain case, 334
Schapera, Isaac, 209–210
sedentarization, 189
self-governance, 10, 75, 81, 86
social movement, 275
species extinction, xii
Stavenhagen, Rodolfo, 34
terra nullius, 3, 102, 137, 140, 155, 165, 189, 191
Thailand
Asian Indigenous Peoples’ Pact (AIPP), 313
Assembly of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Thailand (AITT), 319, 322
Association for Inter-Mountain Peoples’ Education and Culture in Thailand (IMPECT), 320, 323, 325
Bamrungkheeree, Adisak, 321
Future Forward Party (phak anakhot mai), 321–324
Great Group Party (phak mahachon), 318
Hmong 18 Clan Council, 320–321
Hmong Association for Development in Thailand (MDT), 320
Hmong Thai Business Association, 322
Keereeraksakul, Nawaphon, 323
Kong-udom, Chatchewal, 319
Lalaem, Somchart, 324
Laothamatas, Anek, 318
Ley, Kem, 325
Matha, Wan Muhammad Noor (Wan Noor), 320
Moua, Za Xong, 322
Network of Indigenous Peoples in Thailand (NPIT), 322, 324
New Aspiration Party (phak khwam wang mai), 320
Palang Pracharat Party (phak palang pracharat), 318, 322
Phanakamneut, Kert, 318–320
Prachachart Party (phak prachachart), 320–321
Pramoj, Kukrit, 319
Ritnetikul, Prajuab, 319
salt-water theory, 310
Seubtayat, Yongyuth, 319
Sirijanthranont, Phonsupharak, 319
Suebsakwong, Nattaphon, 323–324, 327
Tambon Administration Organization (TAO), 318–319, 324
Thai Ethnic Party (phak chattiphan thai), 319
Thai Local Power Party, 319–322, 325
Thai Rak Thai Party (phak thai rak thai), 320
Thai Raksa Chart Party (phak thai raksa chart), 322
Thaksin government, 318
treaties, 8–10, 100, 104, 140, 153, 159, 161, 190, 192, 197–198, 234, 302
United Nations
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), 335
Rapporteur for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 36
United Nations Convention on Biodiversity 1992, 303–304
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), 2007, 28, 32, 36, 63, 104, 109–110, 192, 198, 206–207, 237, 249, 302, 335, 338
United Nations Human Rights Committee, 34, 36–37
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), 222, 312–313
United States, 4, 6, 9, 121, 158, 313, 316
Vietnam, 313, 316
Vine Delora, Jr., Victor, xi
water resources, 105, 107

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  • Index
  • Edited by William Nikolakis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
  • Book: Land Rights Now
  • Online publication: 06 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009521581.020
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  • Index
  • Edited by William Nikolakis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
  • Book: Land Rights Now
  • Online publication: 06 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009521581.020
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  • Index
  • Edited by William Nikolakis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
  • Book: Land Rights Now
  • Online publication: 06 September 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009521581.020
Available formats
×