Background
An informal caregiver is an unpaid family member or friend providing care to someone with whom they have a personal relationship (National Cancer Institute, 2025). There is a substantial body of research in Iran and globally on the high levels of distress experienced by cancer caregivers, the high burden of unmet supportive care needs (Hart et al. Reference Hart, Crawford-Williams and Crichton2022; Pan and Lin, Reference Pan and Lin2022; Rezaei et al. Reference Rezaei, Keyvanloo Shahrestanaki and Mohammadzadeh2024) and their need for psychosocial support (Ahn et al. Reference Ahn, Romo and Campbell2020). Despite the development of various supportive care interventions and the increasing number of cancer caregivers, little progress has been made in supporting them. A 2023 systematic review and meta-analysis showed that psychosocial interventions have a small effect size in reducing cancer caregivers’ burden, highlighting the need for more accessible and innovative services (Secinti et al. Reference Secinti, Fischer and Brennan2023). Since caregiving is rooted in culture (Kristanti et al. Reference Kristanti, Effendy and Utarini2019), Iranian family caregivers see illness as a family problem (Hamedani et al. Reference Hamedani, Alavi and Taleghani2022), requiring culturally sensitive interventions (Secinti et al. Reference Secinti, Fischer and Brennan2023).
Psychosocial oncology professionals (PSOP) are mental healthcare providers who address the psychological, emotional, and social issues that arise for cancer patients and their loved ones (Canadian Association of Psychosocial Oncology, 2010). PSOP have a vital role in caring for people experiencing cancer-related distress, and many caregivers in Iran seek support from them. However, there are limited healthcare resources to meet the needs of the growing number of cancer survivors, leading to overwork (Reference Raque-Bogdan, Kracen and Taylor2019), necessitating innovative strategies to support cancer caregivers (Dhumal et al. Reference Dhumal, Siddiqui and Kelley2023).
Virtual care and digital health psychosocial interventions may overcome some of these challenges and offer a promising way to reach and provide psychosocial care to cancer caregivers. In resource-constrained settings, maximizing existing resources through innovative, cost-effective technologies is crucial (Balogh et al. Reference Balogh, Patlak and Nass2017). Additionally, the growing familiarity of people in low- and-middle-income-countries, like Iran, with digital technologies (Webb et al. Reference Webb, Verduzco-Aguirre and Rao2022) offers opportunities to create virtual supportive care resources. Technology-based psychosocial interventions that include psychotherapy, psychoeducation, and skill training enhanced caregivers’ health-related quality of life and alleviated their depression but had limited impact on their self-efficacy and coping (Low et al. Reference Low, Leow and Klainin-Yobas2024). A systematic review and meta-analysis (Li et al. Reference Li, Li and Zhang2022) suggested integrating tailored technology-based interventions into routine psychosocial oncology care. PSOP have a desire to use video consultations (Schuster et al. Reference Schuster, Führes and Wandke2024), and cancer caregivers have shown interest in web-based (Applebaum et al. Reference Applebaum, Buda and Schofield2018) and telephone support tools (Heckel et al. Reference Heckel, Fennell and Reynolds2018). Yet, the preferences of Iranian PSOP and caregivers on technology-based interventions are underexplored. Given the high rate of Internet access and use in Iran (Keramatikerman et al. Reference Keramatikerman, Varaei and Vaezi2024), innovations in virtual care and digital health may offer a potential strategy to provide psychosocial care to cancer caregivers that aligns with their shared caregiving culture.
Little is known about the views of PSOP and cancer caregivers regarding the provision of psychosocial care to cancer caregivers and the role of digital technologies in Iran. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the views of PSOP and caregivers regarding the challenges and solutions to enhance psychosocial support for cancer caregivers, with a focus on the role of digital technologies in facilitating care delivery.
Unlike most studies of cancer caregivers, which have been limited to partners of cancer patients (Köhle et al. Reference Köhle, Drossaert and ten Klooster Pm2021), our study examines the views of a diverse range of caregivers with varying relationships to the patient (e.g., spouse, adult child, and extended family). The study findings will enhance our understanding of the challenges and potential solutions for the psychosocial care of cancer caregivers in low-resource, shared caregiving culture settings.
Methods
Study design
We conducted a qualitative descriptive study (Sandelowski Reference Sandelowski2000) using semi-structured individual interviews and focus groups to obtain the perspectives, experiences, and needs of PSOP and caregivers in supporting Iranian caregivers. We selected a qualitative descriptive design as it aligned with our aim – to collect PSOP and caregiver perspectives on challenges and solutions to enhance psychosocial care. This approach allowed us to stay close to the data with minimal interpretation, unlike other qualitative methods that aim to develop theory or uncover deeper meanings.
Interviews and focus groups were undertaken by the principal researcher (BG), a PhD candidate in Health Psychology. Qualitative thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, Reference Braun and Clarke2006) was used to analyze the data, and the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies (COREQ) (Tong et al. Reference Tong, Sainsbury and Craig2007) were used to report the findings. The transcripts were coded by BG using a codebook collaboratively developed with the supervisory team (FZ, LF, JB). The analysis and reporting were led by BG in constant consultation with the supervisory team.
Ethical considerations
This study was approved by the University of Shahid Beheshti Research Ethics Board (IR.SBU.REC.1402.010). Informed verbal and written consent was obtained from all participants.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
To be eligible to participate in this study, PSOP had to: 1) be a counselor, clinical psychologist, or health psychologist with a background in psychology or counseling; 2) have experience working with cancer patients and/or their caregivers; 3) be currently or formerly practicing in a hospital or private practice setting.
Cancer caregivers had to: 1) be an informal/unpaid caregiver of a patient with any type and stage of cancer, and 2) have a relationship with the patient, such as being a family member (e.g., spouse, parent, sibling) or a friend. Caregivers were excluded if they had lost their loved ones within the past month and were actively grieving.
Setting and recruitment procedures
Data collection was conducted over a one-year period, from July 2023 to July 2024, and participants were recruited from five settings in Tehran, Iran.
PSOP were recruited from Macsa Psychosocial and Palliative Care Clinic at the Iranian Cancer Control Center in Fatima Public Hospital, the Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology Clinic in Ali Asghar Public Hospital, the Department of Psychology and Educational Studies at Shahid Beheshti University, and two private clinics providing clinical health psychology services. PSOP who worked in hospital settings provided both inpatient and outpatient psychosocial care to patients and caregivers. Caregivers were recruited from Macsa and one private clinical health psychology clinic.
A purposive sampling strategy was used to recruit a maximum variation sample of PSOP and caregivers (Sandelowski Reference Sandelowski2000), considering factors such as years of experience and service settings for PSOP, as well as cancer type and stage, socioeconomic status, and caregiver-patient relationship for caregivers.
Of the 19 PSOP contacted, 15 agreed to participate. PSOP who were recruited from Macsa Clinic were first approached by a clinician at Macsa, who explained the study, and the researcher (BG) obtained their consent to participate in the study. PSOP recruited from other settings (Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology Clinic in Ali Asghar Public Hospital, Department of Psychology and Educational Studies at Shahid Beheshti University, and two private clinics) were approached by the researcher (BG). The first focus group, consisting of seven PSOP, was held in-person, and the second focus group, consisting of five PSOP, was held virtually through Skype video conference. Two individual interviews were conducted in-person and one virtually via phone for PSOP who were unable to attend focus groups.
Of the 17 caregivers contacted, 15 agreed to participate. Caregivers were approached by the researcher (BG) when they were accompanying patients during regularly scheduled appointments at the Macsa palliative care outpatient clinic or during an inpatient stay. If they were interested and agreeable, the researcher (BG) obtained consent and scheduled the in-person interview at the clinic. Ten interviews took place in a private room at the Macsa clinic. The researcher (BG) also contacted caregivers from a private clinic who had agreed, through their clinician, to be contacted about the research study. Five caregivers, who were informed about the study through a private clinic, were interviewed virtually via phone.
Data collection
Individual interviews were conducted with caregivers to allow them to discuss their views, experiences, and sensitive topics openly, while focus groups were conducted with PSOP to provide an opportunity to obtain a broad range of information about PSOP challenges and solutions in a group discussion (Sandelowski Reference Sandelowski2000). Individual interviews were also offered to PSOP who could not attend the focus groups.
The researcher (BG) moderated the focus groups and conducted the individual interviews. During the focus groups, all participants had equal opportunities to speak, and the researcher asked probing questions to facilitate the sharing process. While there were occasional differences in perspectives among participants, which is natural in group discussions, these did not escalate into conflict. In times of differing views, PSOP expressed their insights in a respectful manner and were willing to continue the discussion until reaching a consensus.
Focus groups with PSOP lasted 120 minutes, and each individual interview with PSOP or caregivers lasted 45 to 75 minutes. Demographic information for each participant was collected verbally just before the focus groups and interviews. All interviews and focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim, and field notes were taken by the researcher (BG). Separate semi-structured guides for interviews and focus groups were developed for PSOP and caregivers based on the study objectives and literature review (Tables 1 and 2). These were reviewed and discussed with study team members.
Table 1. PSOP focus group and interview questions
Table 2. Caregivers interview questions
We continued sampling to the point of saturation, at which new data no longer significantly contributed to the emergence of new themes (Ando et al. Reference Ando, Cousins and Young2014). For PSOP, one focus group and three individual interviews were conducted, followed by a second focus group to ensure thematic saturation. The second focus group confirmed consistency with the previously collected data, and no new themes emerged. For caregivers, data saturation was reached by the 10th interview; however, interviews were continued to ensure thematic saturation and confirm the consistency of emerging themes.
Data analysis
Transcripts were managed using MAXQDA (v. 2020) qualitative data analysis software and analyzed following Braun and Clarke's thematic content analysis procedures (Braun and Clarke, Reference Braun and Clarke2006). After each interview and focus group, audio recordings were transcribed and reviewed repeatedly to familiarize the researchers with participants’ challenges and needs. Two separate code books were generated, beginning with coding the first PSOP focus group and interview transcripts, followed by caregivers’ interviews and the second PSOP focus group. Transcripts were coded into meaningful units containing relevant information, which were then analyzed and grouped into subcategories based on conceptual similarities. These subcategories were further classified into main categories called themes.
Constant comparison of data within and between the PSOP and caregivers helped identify connections and relationships between codes and themes. Codes were expanded to highlight overlapping concepts, similarities, and differences between the two participant groups. Discussions and feedback on codes and themes were provided by the supervisory team (FZ, LF, JB), and the data interpretation and analysis were cross-checked with them. The focus groups and interviews were conducted and analyzed in Farsi, and the codebook, findings, and quotations were translated into English.
Results
Sample characteristics
In total, 30 participants participated in this study. Of these 30 participants, 15 were PSOP and 15 were cancer caregivers. Of the 15 PSOP, most were recruited from public health settings (80%), and most were females (93.7%), with an educational background in Health Psychology (56.2%), a PhD degree (62.5%), and an average of 7.5 years of work experience in the field (40%).
Of the 15 caregivers, most were recruited from public health settings (73.3%), and most were females (80%) with a university degree (86%), caring for metastatic cancer patients (66.6%) either with leukemia or breast cancer (representing 26.6% each), and were either spouses, siblings, or children (representing 20% each) of cancer patients.
Characteristics of PSOP and caregivers are reported in Tables 3 and 4, respectively.
Table 3. PSOP characteristics
Table 4. Caregivers characteristics
Findings
During the focus groups and interviews with PSOP, they described their challenges in delivering support to caregivers and their need to improve the current situation. Their challenges were categorized into three themes and six subthemes. PSOP identified inconsistency, uncertainty, and fragmented use of technology when working with cancer caregivers as the main challenges. To enhance their current situation, three potential solutions were proposed: flexible support, professional development opportunities, and formal recognition and integration into oncology settings. Caregivers described their challenges and needs in receiving psychosocial support. Overall, one theme and two subthemes emerged as their challenges. They expressed frustration with the healthcare system as a main theme. Their solutions were categorized into three themes: family-centered psychosocial care, flexible psychosocial care, and organized peer support networks. Themes, subthemes and representative quotes for PSOP and caregivers are summerized in Table 5 and 6, respectively.
Table 5. PSOP challenges and solutions
† FG: Focus Group.
Table 6. Caregivers' challenges and solutions
PSOP challenges in delivering psychosocial care
Theme 1. Inconsistency: One of the challenges described by PSOP in providing psychosocial care for caregivers was that the support is not delivered on a regular and continuous basis. Inconsistencies arose from several factors, including missed appointments, navigating workload demands within a shared caregiving culture, insufficient staff, and inpatient-based psychosocial care.
Subtheme 1. Missed appointments: PSOP described a high rate of dropouts and last-minute appointment cancellations, which interrupted their workflow and reduced the therapeutic benefits for caregivers. One PSOP noted the closure of an outpatient caregiver psychosocial oncology clinic due to the high rate of no-shows and cancellations from caregivers.
Subtheme 2. Navigating workload demands within a shared caregiving model: PSOP reported being overloaded with patients’ psychosocial care, leaving insufficient time for caregivers. PSOP mentioned that in the shared caregiving model, sometimes a primary caregiver seeks support and then supports the rest of the family, while at other times, multiple caregivers seek support. This requires more effort, time, and energy to manage the family, exacerbating the existing workload.
Subtheme 3. Insufficient staff: all PSOP agreed that there is a misalignment between the needs of patients and caregivers and the available supportive resources, such as the number of PSOP in hospital settings. They reported that a lack of staff makes it difficult to follow up with caregivers while managing new cases. PSOP mentioned that they struggle not only with a lack of staff but also with staff inconsistency, meaning that new PSOP often leave after a short period in an oncology setting.
Subtheme 4. Inpatient-based psychosocial care: PSOP noted that maintaining consistency in psychosocial care in a hospital’s inpatient settings is more challenging than in outpatient clinics. According to PSOP, maintaining continuity of care, providing consistent support, and ensuring follow-up in inpatient settings was challenging, as patients and caregivers frequently transitioned in and out. One PSOP stated that care delivery to caregivers is limited to the duration of a patient’s hospital stay, and there is a lack of clear procedures for post-discharge. Additionally, most PSOP felt that hospitals do not create a secure and peaceful environment, which is a prerequisite for providing psychological support. PSOP believed that caregivers want to avoid the hospital and its associated memories.
Theme 2. Uncertainty: PSOP reported experiencing uncertainty in several aspects of providing care to caregivers, such as maintaining a balance between handling cancer-related issues and caregiver’s mental health disorders, given their limited time in supporting them, the frequency of follow-ups, boundaries of supportive care, how to integrate technology into their work, and how to manage inconsistency. PSOP stated that ambiguity can decrease their self-efficacy and confidence in working with caregivers.
According to PSOP's point of view, uncertainty stemmed from insufficient supervision and scientific opportunities in psychosocial oncology, as well as a lack of culturally-based caregiver clinical practice guidelines.
Subtheme 1. Insufficient supervision and scientific opportunities in psychosocial oncology: PSOP complained about the lack of specialized psychosocial oncology supervisors to seek professional support, as well as the absence of scientific networks and conferences to share knowledge and stay updated.
Subtheme 2. Lack of culturally-based Caregiver Clinical Practice Guidelines: PSOP needed practical guidelines for working with caregivers. They believed that while there are many guidelines in psycho-oncology, caregiver-specific guidelines are needed within a shared caregiving culture. They mentioned that caregivers should be assessed and screened alongside patients, as they play a vital role in the care journey.
Theme 3. Fragmented Use of Technology in Care Delivery. PSOP highlighted the disorganized and fragmented use of technology. They noted the lack of integrated platforms, with each PSOP independently trying to incorporate technological tools into their workflow. This often involved creating multimedia resources, such as mindfulness audio guides, from scratch. They expressed frustration over the inefficiency of this process and believed better coordination was needed to avoid duplication. They emphasized the importance of commercializing, making digital interventions widely accessible, promoting existing resources, and developing new ones. These efforts could enhance cost-effectiveness and streamline intervention initiatives.
PSOP solutions for improved psychosocial care
Theme 1. Flexible Support via Blended Digital Multi-modal Technologies: PSOP emphasized the need for flexibility in delivering supportive care and recognized that digital technologies offer valuable tools for this purpose. They suggested that designing digital-based interventions is key to supporting caregivers without relying on in-person visits to hospitals. They found digital platforms useful for providing psychoeducational support.
PSOP believed that psychosocial care could be delivered both synchronously and asynchronously. Psychoeducational content could be offered asynchronously, allowing caregivers to benefit from support at their own time and pace. However, initial assessments, discussions about emotions, and group therapy are better suited for synchronous delivery. Follow-ups could be delivered either synchronously or asynchronously. PSOP stated that utilizing online tools facilitated care delivery to cancer patients and their caregivers. However, services should adopt a blended approach, as internet instability and poor connections in some regions present significant barriers, making online access unreliable for everyone.
Theme 2. Professional Development Opportunities in Psychosocial Oncology: PSOP were eager to access professional training, ongoing psychosocial oncology supervision, and opportunities to participate in scientific networks. They believed formal accreditation procedures should be established by health policymakers to enhance their profession, and psychosocial oncology training practicums should be developed. They specifically emphasized two areas for the practicum: learning a supportive approach with ethical decision-making and exploring the possibilities of technology. While PSOP acknowledged the promise of digital technologies, they were unsure how to effectively integrate them into their practices. They also believed digital literacy is essential in the digital age, especially post-Covid-19. They needed to understand the potential of technology and how to align it with their therapeutic approach.
Theme 3. Formal recognition and integration of psychosocial care in oncology: PSOP acknowledged progress in recognizing the importance of psychological care in chronic disease settings but noted there is still room for improvement. Psychosocial oncology needs better integration within the healthcare system and collaboration with other providers, such as oncologists and nurses. PSOP believes their involvement at different stages of the cancer journey – from breaking the diagnosis to survivorship or death – is beneficial.
They stated that being an embedded PSOP fosters multi-professional teamwork. PSOP noted that they currently take on the sole responsibility for supportive care; this should be shared with social workers, oncology nurses, volunteers, and peers. PSOP also highlighted the need to develop collaborative skills with other healthcare providers, noting that shared decision-making improves patient and caregiver outcomes.
Caregivers’ challenges in accessing psychosocial care
Theme 1. Frustration with the healthcare system: When asked about perceived barriers to accessing psychosocial care, caregivers expressed frustration with the healthcare system’s failure to meet their needs. They provided examples associated with this frustration, such as feeling ignored by healthcare providers when cancer news is shared with the patient. Caregivers believed they should be consulted, as they act as gate keepers in deciding whether the patient should be informed about their diagnosis. They described that they deserved a more empathetic attitude from the healthcare system, which does not offer sufficient informational, emotional, and financial support. Financial challenges and feelings of disorientation contributed to their frustration.
Subtheme 1. Financial challenges: Caregivers faced significant financial challenges during cancer treatment, including the cost of treatment, obtaining medications, dealing with insurance companies, and commuting to cancer hospitals, all of which added to their burden and anxiety. They believed that the system not only took no steps to mitigate these challenges but also did not understand or empathize with them. Financial concerns often took priority, leaving caregivers with limited time and motivation to seek psychosocial support. The high cost of private psychological care further limited accessibility, making it unattainable for many. Caregivers agreed on the need for financial aid resources to help alleviate these burdens.
Subtheme 2. Feeling of Disorientation: Caregivers reported feeling disoriented and confused after their loved one’s diagnosis because of insufficient support from the healthcare system. They expected the healthcare system to involve them more actively and better prepare them for this journey with more empathy and the provision of informational (e.g., nutrition, treatment, side effects, etc.) and emotional support. They reported that balancing caregiving and other life aspects was challenging, and they expected the system to help them find balance in their lives.
Caregivers’ needs for improved psychosocial care
Theme 1. Family-Centered Psychosocial Care: Caregivers viewed caregiving as a shared family responsibility, involving both immediate and extended family members. They were open to distributing caregiving tasks, believing it helped them perform better. Of the 15 interviewees, 12 had experienced shared caregiving and found it effective, while three solo caregivers, lacking support, expressed a desire for shared caregiving. Since they saw cancer as a family issue affecting everyone, they valued services that support the entire family or caregiving circle.
Theme 2. Flexible Psychosocial Care: Caregivers emphasized the need for accessible and reliable psychological support that fits into their daily tasks. Given their busy schedules, the demands of managing both personal and caregiving tasks, and the fatigue caused by the caregiving burden, they expressed a preference for receiving support through various methods tailored to their specific conditions. Additionally, they stated that at times during the caregiving journey, they felt reluctant to talk about their painful emotions, preferring to ignore and distract themselves. Therefore, they might not be ready to speak with PSOP yet still required some form of support. Caregivers suggested that using different platforms, such as mobile applications and both online and offline resources, could provide flexible support.
Theme 3. Organized Peer Support Networks: Most caregivers valued peer support; only one of them did not. Those who were willing to connect with peers reported positive experiences that enhanced their resiliency. They expressed interest in attending caregiver-specific events and activities organized by trusted organizations.
Discussion
The findings of this study align with global initiatives to unify supportive cancer care by 2030 (Chan et al. Reference Chan, Knowles and Ashbury2024b). This underscores the need for policy initiatives that promote a team-based approach (a multidisciplinary teamwork involving coordinated care from a range of psychosocial and medical professionals), evidence-informed education, financial impact minimization, guideline-driven care, and dedicated supportive oncology services for families affected by cancer.
Addressing the challenges identified by PSOP and caregivers requires action at the macrosystem level, involving public health authorities and policymakers. Strengthening national policies and effectively allocating resources are essential to improving the accessibility and quality of psychosocial care. An international survey of psychosocial care for cancer survivors (Signorelli et al. Reference Signorelli, Høeg and Asuzu2024) highlighted the critical role of national policies in facilitating psychosocial care delivery across different income settings. As a low-resource country, Iran faces significant challenges in providing consistent and sufficient psychosocial support to cancer families. Caregivers’ overall perception of the healthcare system is one of frustration, which can act as a barrier to seeking psychosocial services. This frustration, stemming from unmet supportive needs, highlights the need for systematic improvements.
Although this study did not explicitly inquire about caregivers’ perception of their role, many viewed themselves as gatekeepers – a culturally rooted role aimed at protecting their loved ones by filtering the amount of information shared with them and being actively involved in medical decision-making. This finding aligns with a previous study (Nasrollahi et al. Reference Nasrollahi, Jokar and Ansari2022) showing that Iranian family caregivers often request oncologists to allow them to control the disclosure of a cancer diagnosis; most prefer to be present during the delivery of such news, and over half wish to be informed before the patient. This may lead to conflict with healthcare providers’ practices, as not all prioritize caregivers’ involvement, resulting in caregiver frustration. This should be considered when communicating diagnoses with patients and their caregivers, and further research is needed to explore how the healthcare system can better navigate these cultural expectations.
Consistent with Cheng et al.'s systematic review (Cheng et al. Reference Cheng, Xu and Ng2022), caregivers felt disoriented after their loved one’s diagnosis, lacking both informational and emotional support. An international survey on global disparities in cancer supportive care (Chan et al. Reference Chan, Lawson and Changchuan2024a) reported that timely supportive care is the most important disparity, which aligns with caregivers’ perception of insufficient support and disorientation. PSOP acknowledged this challenge, citing limited time, staff, and resources as barriers to addressing caregivers’ needs. The lack of allied health providers is a global challenge in providing psychosocial care (Signorelli et al. Reference Signorelli, Høeg and Asuzu2024), which highlights the provision of digital services to support PSOP and enhance service delivery.
Despite caregivers’ willingness to receive support, they often find it inflexible, leading to inconsistency – a challenge faced by PSOP. Currently, synchronous psychosocial sessions are the only method for providing psychosocial care to caregivers. However, they should not be the sole resource for caregiver support, as this partly explains the inconsistency and inflexibility. Nissim and Hales (Reference Nissim and Hales2023) indicate that a single intake session for caregivers, coupled with an introduction to available supportive resources, is a potential framework for supporting caregivers. In Iran, the lack of community-based supportive care resources – such as educational workshops, wellness programs, financial aid, support groups, and peer navigation – exacerbates this issue. Consequently, the responsibility of providing psychosocial care largely falls on PSOP.
Among various support resources, peer support offered by credentialed organizations is essential yet underutilized. Similar to Papadakos’ study (Papadakos et al. Reference Papadakos, Ugas and Quartey2023), caregivers in this study wanted to connect with other caregivers who shared similar experiences and living conditions (Breuning et al. Reference Breuning, Sophia and Hedy2024). Support and navigation from other caregivers (Chan et al. Reference Chan, Milch and Crawford Williams2023) can mitigate caregivers’ uncertainties and complement PSOP care. Organizing and training peers to provide support and navigation is a potentially affordable supportive care intervention in resource-limited regions (Chan et al. Reference Chan, Lawson and Changchuan2024a; Soto-Perez-de-Celis et al. Reference Soto-Perez-de-Celis, Chavarri-Guerra and Ramos-Lopez2021) offering benefits for both navigators and peers (Vodermaier et al. Reference Vodermaier, Kazanjian and Soheilipour2023). Despite their growing recognition as a vital aspect of supportive care in low- and-middle-income countries (Cabanes et al. Reference Cabanes, Taylor and Malburg2022), their implementation in Iran is rare. Further exploration is needed to adapt such peer support programs to Iran’s cultural and linguistic context.
Care delivery in Iran is further shaped by the cultural construct of shared caregiving. While shared caregiving has meaningful and spiritual value for caregivers, healthcare systems are not equipped to accommodate the needs of entire families. This increases PSOP’s workload, requiring additional time and resources to support families, especially in Iran, a resource-constrained setting. Healthcare systems must acknowledge shared caregiving and incorporate it into clinical practices by developing family-centered programs (Kristanti et al. Reference Kristanti, Effendy and Utarini2019).
To address these challenges and make psychosocial care more accessible to families, PSOP and caregivers advocate for flexible support through blended digital interventions. Blended support enables caregivers to receive assistance without hospital visits, which can be a triggering environment. Dhumal et al. (Reference Dhumal, Siddiqui and Kelley2023) also recommend flexible support for its accessibility, reduced no-show rates, and fewer appointment cancellations, addressing a key challenge identified by PSOP. Despite the promise of blended technologies, their effectiveness in supporting caregivers remains underexplored. Although both stakeholders emphasize the importance of diverse support options to allow caregivers to access services when needed, they are not provided effectively, with PSOP mentioning fragmented utilization. For Iran, as a developing country, this marks a starting point for developing and adapting these technologies in healthcare settings.
Innovative technologies can be implemented to optimize available resources. Given the interest from private vendors, designing and implementing blended psychosocial interventions – including educational modules, online support groups, and peer navigation programs – can enhance caregiver support and ensure sustainable care delivery. Collaboration between PSOP and technology developers can help overcome these barriers, decrease the fragmented utilization of technology, and advance the adoption of digital psychosocial support services.
In alignment with Schuster et al. (Reference Schuster, Führes and Wandke2024), PSOP in this study recommended delivering emotion-focused interventions synchronously and psychoeducational content asynchronously. There is a need to digitalize existing psychosocial interventions and tailor them to caregivers’ unmet needs and burdens. However, PSOP lack the digital skills to integrate these technologies into their services; thus, they advocate for digital health literacy to be incorporated into their training practicum.
Although we did not specifically inquire about PSOP job-related challenges, they shared difficulties they faced in their profession. Resource limitations affect both caregivers and PSOP. According to the job demand-resources model, high job demands and inadequate resources are associated with higher burnout (Bakker and Demerouti, Reference Bakker and Demerouti2007). Iranian PSOP are at risk of burnout due to inadequate training and supervision. Inadequate psychosocial oncology supervision in Iran’s educational and health system fails to prepare PSOP properly, aligning with other studies showing PSOP desire for ongoing training (Wiener et al. Reference Wiener, Oppenheim and Breyer2012) to maintain their effectiveness in the emotionally intensive field of cancer care (Reference Kracen, Raque-Bogdan and Taylor-Irwin2020). Role ambiguity is common among PSOP (Kocańda and Jabłoński, Reference Kocańda and Jabłoński2023; Kracen et al. Reference Kracen, Raque-Bogdan and Taylor-Irwin2020) due to inadequate training and supervision.
The educational system should consider pathways to empower PSOP, including continuing education, online and offline training modules, AI-assisted role plays, and proper clinical supervision. It is suggested that cancer centers consider integrating psychosocial oncology training into job responsibilities, compensation, and working hours (Raque-Bogdan et al. Reference Raque-Bogdan, Kracen and Taylor2019). Not only PSOP, but also other members of the multi-disciplinary team – such as nurses, social workers, and oncologists – could benefit from learning how to provide basic psychosocial care earlier in their education. This would better prepare them to support families affected by cancer. In higher-level education for psychologists, competency-based programs such as postdoctoral fellowships in psychosocial oncology prepare trainees for inter-disciplinary work through clinical supervision. Interprofessional cooperation decreases uncertainty, leading to holistic views and ensuring the necessary services are provided for caregivers (Hamedani et al. Reference Hamedani, Alavi and Taleghani2023). This is in line with PSOP's suggestion of embedding psychosocial care within the circle of care and multidisciplinary teamwork to reduce role conflicts and increase communication between different specialties to better support families affected by cancer.
Participating in national and international professional events can increase professional cohesion and reduce isolation (Wiener et al. Reference Wiener, Oppenheim and Breyer2012), which is particularly significant for a country like Iran, which has a greater need to learn and limited resources to approach. Moreover, the implementation of supportive care guidelines is a major disparity in low- and-middle-income countries (Chan et al. Reference Chan, Lawson and Changchuan2024a), while they are essential to address PSOP’s uncertainty. Clinical oncology guidelines highlight the importance of culturally informed and sensitive care (Bergerot et al. Reference Bergerot, Bergerot and Philip2024), aligning with PSOP’s request. The psychosocial oncology field has room for growth in Iran, particularly through formal ongoing training, professional networking, and culturally tailored clinical practicums.
Limitations
This study has important limitations. Among PSOP, we recruited those with a background in psychology and counseling, as they are the primary providers of psychosocial oncology care. Consequently, our sample did not include social workers, psychiatrists, or spiritual counselors. The findings may not be representative of all mental healthcare providers who work in oncology settings, and further research would need to consider the views and needs of diverse psychosocial care providers in Iran. Additionally, only one PSOP participant was male, so to increase gender inclusivity, more data is needed. While efforts were made to include a diverse range of family caregivers, Iran’s various sub-cultures were not fully represented in the study sample. Therefore, caution should be exercised when generalizing the findings to all Iranian family caregivers. The coding and data analysis were conducted by a single researcher (BG), which may have introduced potential bias. Lastly, although strategies were used to preserve trustworthiness in translating findings and quotes from Farsi to English through forward and back translation, participants’ answers, meanings, or some context may have been unintentionally lost in translation.
Clinical and research implications
Future clinical and research efforts should focus on developing blended services and support resources for caregivers. Research should assess the value and cost-effectiveness of such interventions for caregivers, PSOP, and the broader healthcare system. Clinical practice should prioritize creating online and offline education and wellness programs through partnerships with industry partners in private and public health settings, enriching the supportive care toolkit for caregivers.
These findings are useful in designing training and supervision for mental health professionals interested in psychosocial oncology. The American psychosocial oncology core-curriculum (Wells-Di Gregorio et al. Reference Wells-Di Gregorio, Deshields and Flowers2022) should be adapted and culturally customized for the Iranian context. Moreover, due to the lack of training and supervision in PSOP, further investigation into the prevalence of burnout among Iranian PSOP is needed.
Conclusion
This study underscores the need to improve psychosocial support for cancer caregivers in Iran, as current services are insufficient and misaligned with the preferences of PSOP and caregivers. Psychosocial services should extend beyond hospital settings by integrating community-based and online psychoeducational resources to complement the support provided by PSOP. A blended approach – combining in-person and digital interventions – can provide flexibility and accessibility while maintaining essential human interaction. It is recommended that private sectors with available funding resources support public health initiatives by participating in the development of blended interventions. Trained peers may play a helpful role in navigating families through their cancer journey, alleviating uncertainties, and providing an additional layer of support. Additionally, formal structured training and systemic changes are necessary to better support PSOPs’ career development. By implementing these strategies, healthcare systems in Iran can foster a more inclusive and accessible psychosocial care delivery framework.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Macsa Psychosocial and Palliative Care Clinic for facilitating the opportunity to conduct interviews and focus groups with Psychosocial Oncology Professionals and Family Caregivers.
Author contributions
B. Ghavami: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, writing - original draft, writing - review and editing. F. Zarani: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, validation, writing - review and editing. L. Fata: conceptualization, methodology, supervision, validation, writing - review and editing. M. Sharbafchi: project administration, methodology, supervision. J. Bender: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, supervision, validation, writing - review and editing.
Competing interests
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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