Figures
2.1Fordham University Oxford Outremer Map Project. Image based on Oxford, CCC MS 2*, Matthew Paris, ca. 1250s (detail), part of the Fordham University Oxford Outremer Map Project. Image rights held by the Center for Medieval Studies at Fordham University. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
2.2Altarpiece, Saint Catherine of Alexandria and Twelve Scenes from Her Life, Getty Museum, object number 73.PB.69 (tempera and gold leaf on panel), Donato d’Arezzo and Gregorio d’Arezzo, Italy, ca. 1330. Image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program
3.1Neumed “gaudeamus” refrain in Stuttg, fol. 75r. Reproduced by kind permission of the Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart
3.2Codex Calixtinus, fol. 132r–v, Salve festa dies veneranda with “gaudeamus” refrain. Copyright © Cabildo de la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela – all rights reserved. Partial or whole reproduction is prohibited
3.3Le Puy A, fol. 28r, monophonic “gaudeamus” refrains. Reproduced by kind permission of the Bibliothèque municipale, Grenoble
3.4Engelberg Codex, fol. 151r, Unicornis captivator, from “[me]dicatur sauciatus” in strophe 1 to “misera” in strophe 2. Reproduced by kind permission of Stiftsbibliothek Engelberg
3.5W1, fol. 80r (73r), Luto carens et latere. Reproduced by kind permission of the Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel
3.6Moosburger Graduale, fol. 248v, Christus vicit resurgendo, excerpt. Reproduced by kind permission of the Universitätsbibliothek, Munich
3.7Seckauer Cantionarium, fol. 186r, Stella nova radiat. Reproduced by kind permission of the Universitätsbibliothek, Graz
3.8Seckauer Cantionarium, fol. 186v, Stella nova radiat continued. Reproduced by kind permission of the Universitätsbibliothek, Graz
3.9Antiphonarium Lausannense III.3.1, p. 103, Dulcis laudis [Dulces laudes] tympano. Reproduced by kind permission of the Archives de l’État de Fribourg
3.10F, fol. 463r, illustrated “D-” of De patre principio. Reproduced by permission of Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, MiBACT. Further reproduction by any means is prohibited
3.11F, frontispiece, Boethian division of music. Reproduced by permission of Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, MiBACT. Further reproduction by any means is prohibited
4.1Graz 409, fol. 72r, Umbram destruxit penitus, refrain cue circled. Reproduced by kind permission of the Universitätsbibliothek, Graz
4.2Graz 258, fol. 2r, Umbram destruxit penitus, refrain cues circled. Reproduced by kind permission of the Universitätsbibliothek, Graz
4.3SG 392, pp. 88–89, Nove lucis hodie. Reproduced by kind permission of the Stiftsbibliothek St. Gallen
4.4Graz 258, fol. 2v, Ecce venit de Syon. Reproduced by kind permission of the Universitätsbibliothek, Graz
5.1St-Victor Miscellany, fol. 177r, Marie preconio with French refrain and “contra in latino.” Reproduced by kind permission of the Bibliothèque nationale de France
5.2Engelberg Codex, fol. 168v, Flore vernat virginali with marginal lyric. Reproduced by kind permission of Stiftsbibliothek Engelberg
5.3Red Book of Ossory, fol. 70r, preface. Reproduced by kind permission of the Representative Body Library of the Church of Ireland
5.4Red Book of Ossory, fol. 71v, Jhesu lux vera seculi and Jam Christo moriente. Reproduced by kind permission of the Representative Body Library of the Church of Ireland
5.5Red Book of Ossory, fols. 70v (a), 71v (b), and 73r (c) (details). Reproduced by kind permission of the Representative Body Library of the Church of Ireland
5.6Red Book of Ossory, En Christi fit memoria, fol. 70v (a), and Plangentis Christi ulnera, fol. 72r–v (b) (details). Reproduced by kind permission of the Representative Body Library of the Church of Ireland