No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Bidirectional and longitudinal relationship between nature contact and children’s problem behavior: The mediating role of prosocial behavior
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 May 2025
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that nature contact is a protective factor for problem behavior in children. However, there remains a significant gap in research exploring the reciprocal relationship between nature contact and children’s problem behavior, as well as the underlying mechanisms driving this relationship. This study employed a longitudinal three-wave design involving 516 children in China (268 girls, Mage = 10.88 ± 0.66 years old at Time 3). Cross-lagged analyses indicated that nature contact and problem behavior negatively predicted each other over time, and prosocial behavior bidirectionally mediated the relationship between nature contact and problem behavior. These results provided evidence for the relationships among nature interaction, social development, and behavioral development in children. These findings suggested that promoting prosocial behavior could reduce problem behavior and enhance nature engagement, potentially serving as a strategy to foster comprehensive development in children.
Information
- Type
- Regular Article
- Information
- Copyright
- © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press
References
Achenbach, T. M. (1966). The classification of children’s psychiatric symptoms: A factor-analytic study. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 80(7), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093906
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alaie, I., Svedberg, P., Ropponen, A., & Narusyte, J. (2023). Associations of internalizing and externalizing problems in childhood and adolescence with adult labor market marginalization. JAMA Network Open, 6(6), Article e2317905. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.17905
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, M., Werner-Seidler, A., King, C., Gayed, A., Harvey, S. B., & O’Dea, B. (2019). Mental health training programs for secondary school teachers: A systematic review. School Mental Health, 11(3), 489–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-018-9291-2
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakir-Demir, T., Berument, S. K., & Akkaya, S. (2021). Nature connectedness boosts the bright side of emotion regulation, which in turn reduces stress. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 76, Article 101642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101642
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barry, J. (2007). Environment and social theory (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203946923
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basten, M., Tiemeier, H., Althoff, R. R., Van De Schoot, R., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Hofman, A., Hudziak, J. J., Verhulst, F. C., & Van Der Ende, J. (2016). The stability of problem behavior across the preschool years: An empirical approach in the general population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(2), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-9993-y
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bleidorn, W., Schwaba, T., Zheng, A., Hopwood, C. J., Sosa, S. S., Roberts, B. W., & Briley, D. A. (2022). Personality stability and change: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 148(7), 588–619. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000365
Google Scholar
Bratman, G. N., Olvera-Alvarez, H. A., & Gross, J. J. (2021). The affective benefits of nature exposure. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15(8), Article e12630. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12630
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, T., & Dierkes, P. (2017). Connecting students to nature – how intensity of nature experience and student age influence the success of outdoor education programs. Environmental Education Research, 23(7), 937–949. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1214866
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burkhart, M. L., Horn Mallers, M., & Bono, K. E. (2017). Daily reports of stress, mood, and physical health in middle childhood. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(5), 1345–1355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0665-0
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlo, G., & Padilla-Walker, L. (2020). Adolescents’ prosocial behaviors through a multidimensional and multicultural lens. Child Development Perspectives, 14(4), 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12391
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2002). The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014033032440
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chávez, D. V., Salmivalli, C., Garandeau, C. F., Berger, C., & Kanacri, B. P. L. (2022). Bidirectional associations of prosocial behavior with peer acceptance and rejection in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(12), 2355–2367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-022-01675-5
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chawla, L. (2015). Benefits of nature contact for children. Journal of Planning Literature, 30(4), 433–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412215595441
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chawla, L. (2020). Childhood nature connection and constructive hope: A review of research on connecting with nature and coping with environmental loss. People and Nature, 2(3), 619–642. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10128
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christner, N., Essler, S., Hazzam, A., & Paulus, M. (2021). Children’s psychological well-being and problem behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: An online study during the lockdown period in Germany. PLoS ONE, 16(6), Article e0253473. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253473
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, D. A., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 558–577. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crompton, K., Kaklamanou, D., Fasulo, A., & Somogyi, E. (2024). The effects of a school-based mindfulness programme (Paws b) on empathy and prosocial behaviour: A randomised controlled trial. Mindfulness, 15(5), 1080–1094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-024-02345-2
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cui, Y., Li, F., Leckman, J. F., Guo, L., Ke, X., Liu, J., Zheng, Y., & Li, Y. (2021). The prevalence of behavioral and emotional problems among Chinese school children and adolescents aged 6 – 16: A national survey. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(2), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01507-6
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de la Osa, N., Navarro, J.-B., Penelo, E., Valentí, A., Ezpeleta, L., & Dadvand, P. (2024). Long-term exposure to greenspace and anxiety from preschool and primary school children. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 93, Article 102207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102207
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, K. A., & Schwartz, D. (1997). Social information processing mechanisms in aggressive behavior. In Stoff, D. M., Breiling, J., & Maser, J. D. (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 171–180). John Wiley & Sons Inc.Google Scholar
Dopko, R. L., Capaldi, C. A., & Zelenski, J. M. (2019). The psychological and social benefits of a nature experience for children: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 63, 134–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.05.002
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du, Y., Kou, J., & Coghill, D. (2008). The validity, reliability and normative scores of the parent, teacher and self report versions of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire in China. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2(1), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-2-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duan, L., & Wang, L. (2022). How does the construction of China2019;s ecological civilization affect the health burden of urban and rural residents? Chinese Journal of Population, Resources and Environment, 20(4), 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjpre.2022.11.007
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duong, M., & Pensini, P. (2023). The role of connectedness in sustainable behaviour: A parallel mediation model examining the prosocial foundations of pro-environmental behaviour. Personality and Individual Differences, 209, Article 112216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112216
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dzhambov, A. M., Lercher, P., Vincens, N., Persson Waye, K., Klatte, M., Leist, L., Lachmann, T., Schreckenberg, D., Belke, C., Ristovska, G., Kanninen, K. M., Botteldooren, D., Van Renterghem, T., Jeram, S., Selander, J., Arat, A., White, K., Julvez, J., Clark, C.…Van Kamp, I. (2023). Protective effect of restorative possibilities on cognitive function and mental health in children and adolescents: A scoping review including the role of physical activity. Environmental Research, 233, Article 116452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116452
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiske, A. P. (2010). Dispassionate heuristic rationality fails to sustain social relationships. In Mates, A. W., Mikesell, L., & Smith, M. S. (Eds.), Language, interaction, and frontotemporal dementia: Reverse engineering the social mind (pp. 197–239). Equinox.Google Scholar
Flouri, E., & Sarmadi, Z. (2016). Prosocial behavior and childhood trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems: The role of neighborhood and school contexts. Developmental Psychology, 52(2), 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000076
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foulkes, L., Leung, J. T., Fuhrmann, D., Knoll, L. J., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2018). Age differences in the prosocial influence effect. Developmental Science, 21(6), Article e12666. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12666
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frumkin, H., Bratman, G. N., Breslow, S. J., Cochran, B., Kahn, P. H., Lawler, J. J., Levin, P. S., Tandon, P. S., Varanasi, U., Wolf, K. L., & Wood, S. A. (2017). Nature contact and human health: A research agenda. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(7), Article 075001. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1663
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallen, C. L., Schaerlaeken, S., Younger, J. W., Anguera, J. A., & Gazzaley, A. (2023). Contribution of sustained attention abilities to real-world academic skills in children. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 2673. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29427-w
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
García De Jalón, S., Chiabai, A., Mc Tague, A., Artaza, N., De Ayala, A., Quiroga, S., Kruize, H., Suárez, C., Bell, R., & Taylor, T. (2020). Providing access to urban green spaces: A participatory benefit-cost analysis in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), Article 2818. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082818.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghandour, R. M., Sherman, L. J., Vladutiu, C. J., Ali, M. M., Lynch, S. E., Bitsko, R. H., & Blumberg, S. J. (2019). Prevalence and treatment of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in US children. Journal of Pediatrics, 206, 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.09.021
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldy, S. P., & Piff, P. K. (2020). Toward a social ecology of prosociality: Why, when, and where nature enhances social connection. Current Opinion in Psychology, 32, 27–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.016
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gong, C., & Li, S. (2024). Environment or behavior: Which childhood nature experiences predict nature relatedness in early adulthood? Landscape and Urban Planning, 252, Article 105176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105176
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, R. (2001). Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(11), 1337–1345. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200111000-00015
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guo, Y., Yang, L., Wang, L., Li, H., & Ge, Q. (2024). Assessment of ecological civilization construction from the perspective of environment and health in China. Eco-Environment & Health, 3(3), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2024.02.008
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Han, J., Way, N., Yoshikawa, H., & Clarke, C. (2023). Interpersonal curiosity and its association with social and emotional skills and well-being during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 40(3), 636–668. https://doi.org/10.1177/07435584231162572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hare, M. M., Trucco, E. M., Hawes, S. W., Villar, M., & Zucker, R. A. (2024). Pathways to substance use: Examining conduct problems and parenting behaviors from preschool to adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 36(1), 454–466. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579422001328
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartig, T., Mitchell, R., de Vries, S., & Frumkin, H. (2014). Nature and health. Annual Review of Public Health, 35(1), 207–228. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182443
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartig, T. (2021). Restoration in nature: Beyond the conventional narrative. In Schutte, A. R., Torquati, J. C., & Stevens, J. R., Nature and psychology: Biological, cognitive, developmental, and social pathways to well-being (pp. 89–151). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69020-5_5
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, L., Tan, C.-S., Pung, P.-W., Hu, J., Tang, H.-B., & Cheng, S.-M. (2023). The role of parental rejection and poverty in the development of prosocial behavior among left-behind adolescents in rural China. Children and Youth Services Review, 155, Article 107143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107143
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, W., & Lin, G. (2023). The relationship between urban green space and social health of individuals: A scoping review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 85, Article 127969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.127969
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hukkelberg, S., Keles, S., Ogden, T., & Hammerstrøm, K. (2019). The relation between behavioral problems and social competence: A correlational meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), Article 354. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2343-9
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Khoury-Kassabri, M., Zadok, I., Eseed, R., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (2020). Individual and familial factors as mediators and moderators of young children’s aggressive behavior. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, Article 105428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105428
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kong, M., & Lu, Y. (2023). Take you to know the Tibetan adolescents: Their main social relationships and the effect on the prosocial behavior. Children and Youth Services Review, 152, Article 107031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107031
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krull, J., Wilbert, J., & Hennemann, T. (2018). Does social exclusion by classmates lead to behaviour problems and learning difficulties or vice versa? A cross-lagged panel analysis. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 33(2), 235–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2018.1424780
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Łaszkiewicz, E., Kronenberg, J., Mohamed, A. A., Roitsch, D., & De Vreese, R. (2023). Who does not use urban green spaces and why? Insights from a comparative study of thirty-three European countries. Landscape and Urban Planning, 239, Article 104866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104866
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leve, L. D., Anderson, D., Harold, G. T., Neiderhiser, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., Ganiban, J. M., & Reiss, D. (2022). Developmental profiles of child behavior problems from 18 months to 8 years: The protective effects of structured parenting vary by genetic risk. Development and Psychopathology, 34(5), 1716–1730. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579422000839
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, J., & Wang, Z. (2024). Ecological civilization in China: An analysis in the context of multiculturalism. Discover Sustainability, 5(1), Article 499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00739-9
Google Scholar
Liang, J., Yang, R., Liu, M., Pu, Y., Bao, W., Zhao, Y., Hu, L., Zhang, Y., Huang, S., Jiang, N., Pu, X., Huang, S., Dong, G., & Chen, Y. (2024). Urban green, blue spaces and their joint effect are associated with lower risk of emotional and behavior problem in children and adolescents, a large population-based study in guangzhou, China. Environmental Research, 240, Article 117475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117475
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, T.-J., Justice, L. M., Paul, N., & Mashburn, A. J. (2016). Peer interaction in rural preschool classrooms: Contributions of children’s learning-related behaviors, language and literacy skills, and problem behaviors. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 37, 106–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.04.001
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, J., Huo, Y., Wang, J., Bai, Y., Zhao, M., & Di, M. (2023). Awe of nature and well-being: Roles of nature connectedness and powerlessness. Personality and Individual Differences, 201, Article 111946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111946
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, S.-K., Chien, Y.-L., Shang, C.-Y., Lin, C.-H., Liu, Y.-C., & Gau, S. S.-F. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of strength and difficulties questionnaire. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(6), 720–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.01.002
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, T., Zhang, X., & Jiang, Y. (2020). Family socioeconomic status and the cognitive competence of very young children from migrant and non-migrant Chinese families: The mediating role of parenting self-efficacy and parental involvement. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 51, 229–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.12.004
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luijten, C. C., Van De Bongardt, D., Jongerling, J., & Nieboer, A. P. (2021). Longitudinal associations among adolescents’ internalizing problems, well-being, and the quality of their relationships with their mothers, fathers, and close friends. Social Science & Medicine, 289, Article 114387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114387
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madzia, J., Ryan, P., Yolton, K., Percy, Z., Newman, N., LeMasters, G., & Brokamp, C. (2019). Residential greenspace association with childhood behavioral outcomes. The Journal of Pediatrics, 207, 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.10.061
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maes, M., Pirani, M., Booth, E. R., Shen, C., Milligan, B., Jones, K., & Toledano, M. (2021). Benefit of woodland and other natural environments for adolescents’ cognition and mental health. Nature Sustainability, 4(10), 851–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00751-1
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Memmott-Elison, M. K., & Toseeb, U. (2023). Prosocial behavior and psychopathology: An 11-year longitudinal study of inter- and intraindividual reciprocal relations across childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 35(4), 1982–1996. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579422000657
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mueller, M. A. E., & Flouri, E. (2020). Neighbourhood greenspace and children’s trajectories of self-regulation: Findings from the UK millennium cohort study. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 71, Article 101472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101472
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muhar, A., Raymond, C. M., van den Born, R. J. G., Bauer, N., Böck, K., Braito, M., Buijs, A., Flint, C., de Groot, W. T., Ives, C. D., Mitrofanenko, T., Plieninger, T., Tucker, C., & van Riper, C. J. (2018). A model integrating social-cultural concepts of nature into frameworks of interaction between social and natural systems. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 61(5–6), 756–777. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2017.1327424
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muris, P., Meesters, C., Eijkelenboom, A., & Vincken, M. (2004). The self-report version of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire: Its psychometric properties in 8- to 13-year-old non-clinical children. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(4), 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1348/0144665042388982
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Musitu-Ferrer, D., Esteban-Ibanez, M., Leon-Moreno, C., & Garcia, O. F. (2019). Is school adjustment related to environmental empathy and connectedness to nature? Psychosocial Intervention, 28(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2019a8
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mygind, L., Kjeldsted, E., Hartmeyer, R., Mygind, E., Stevenson, M. P., Quintana, D. S., & Bentsen, P. (2019). Effects of public green space on acute psychophysiological stress response: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the experimental and quasi-experimental evidence. Environment and Behavior, 53(2), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916519873376
Google Scholar
Mygind, L., Kurtzhals, M., Nowell, C., Melby, P. S., Stevenson, M. P., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Lum, J. A. G., Flensborg-Madsen, T., Bentsen, P., & Enticott, P. G. (2021). Landscapes of becoming social: A systematic review of evidence for associations and pathways between interactions with nature and socioemotional development in children. Environment International, 146, Article 106238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106238
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neaman, A., Montero, E., Pensini, P., Burnham, E., Castro, M., Ermakov, D. S., & Navarro-Villarroel, C. (2023). Unleashing the power of connection: How adolescents’ prosocial propensity drives ecological and altruistic behaviours. Sustainability, 15(10), Article 8070. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nguyen, L., & Walters, J. (2024). Benefits of nature exposure on cognitive functioning in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 96, Article 102336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102336
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norwood, M. F., Lakhani, A., Fullagar, S., Maujean, A., Downes, M., Byrne, J., Stewart, A., Barber, B., & Kendall, E. (2019). A narrative and systematic review of the behavioural, cognitive and emotional effects of passive nature exposure on young people: Evidence for prescribing change. Landscape and Urban Planning, 189, 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.04.007
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obsuth, I., Eisner, M. P., Malti, T., & Ribeaud, D. (2015). The developmental relation between aggressive behaviour and prosocial behaviour: A 5-year longitudinal study. BMC Psychology, 3(1), Article 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-015-0073-4
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogundele, M. O. (2018). Behavioural and emotional disorders in childhood: A brief overview for paediatricians. World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 7(1), 9–26. https://doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v7.i1.9
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Om, C., Brereton, M., Dema, T., & Ploderer, B. (2021). Design opportunities to enhance children’s engagement with nature in Bhutan: A working field theory. InBuchanan, G., Davis, H., Al Mahmud, A., Sarsenbayeva, Z., Soro, A., Munoz, D., Potter, L. E., Taylor, J. L., & Tsimeris, J. (Eds.), OzCHI’21: Proceedings of the 33rd Australian Conference oOn Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 51–61). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). https://doi.org/10.1145/3520495.3520516Google Scholar
Penner, L. A., Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., & Schroeder, D. A. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology, 56(1), 365–392. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070141
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, E., Fiske, A. P., & Schubert, T. W. (2019). The role of social relational emotions for human-nature connectedness. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 2759. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02759
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfattheicher, S., Nielsen, Y. A., & Thielmann, I. (2022). Prosocial behavior and altruism: A review of concepts and definitions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 44, 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.021
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinquart, M., & Kauser, R. (2018). Do the associations of parenting styles with behavior problems and academic achievement vary by culture? Results from a meta-analysis. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(1), 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000149
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pirchio, S., Passiatore, Y., Panno, A., Cipparone, M., & Carrus, G. (2021). The effects of contact with nature during outdoor environmental education on students’ wellbeing, connectedness to nature and pro-sociality. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 648458. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648458
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Contemporary approaches to assessing mediation in communication research. In The sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for communication research (pp. 13–54). Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452272054.n2
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putra, I. G. N. E., Astell-Burt, T., Cliff, D. P., Vella, S. A., & Feng, X. (2021). Association between caregiver perceived green space quality and the development of prosocial behaviour from childhood to adolescence: Latent class trajectory and multilevel longitudinal analyses of Australian children over 10 years. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 74, Article 101579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101579
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putra, I. G. N. E., Astell-Burt, T., Cliff, D. P., Vella, S. A., & Feng, X. (2022). Is prosocial behaviour a missing link between green space quality and child health-related outcomes? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 57(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02186-7
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ren, X., Ren, X., Yan, Z., Lu, S., & Zhou, X. (2022). Parental psychological flexibility and children 19;s behavior problems in rural areas in northeast China: The mediation of children’s emotion regulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), Article 15788. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315788
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, G., & Lightman, S. (2019). The human stress response. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 15(9), 525–534. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0228-0
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakhvidi, M. J. Z., Knobel, P., Bauwelinck, M., de Keijzer, C., Boll, L. M., Spano, G., Ubalde-Lopez, M., Sanesi, G., Mehrparvar, A. H., & Jacquemin, B. (2022). Greenspace exposure and children behavior: A systematic review. Science of the Total Environment, 824, Article 153608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153608
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schertz, K. E., & Berman, M. G. (2019). Understanding nature and its cognitive benefits. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(5), 496–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419854100
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schroeder, D. A., & Graziano, W. G. (Eds.) (2015). The field of prosocial behavior: An introduction and overview. In Schroeder, D. A. & Graziano, W. G. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior (pp. 3–34). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195399813.013.32
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Setiawati, , & Handrianto, C. (2023). Role of parents on children’s prosocial behavior at the public playground. International Journal of Instruction, 16(3), 421–440. https://e-iji.net/ats/index.php/pub/article/view/88
10.29333/iji.2023.16323aCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, Q., & Ettekal, I. (2021). Co-occurring trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems from grades 1 to 12: Longitudinal associations with teacher-child relationship quality and academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 113(4), 808–829. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000525
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, Q., Ettekal, I., Liew, J., & Woltering, S. (2021). Predicting differentiated developmental trajectories of prosocial behavior: A 12-year longitudinal study of children facing early risks and vulnerabilities. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 45(4), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025420935630
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shin, J., & Lee, B. (2021). The effects of adolescent prosocial behavior interventions: A meta-analytic review. Asia Pacific Education Review, 22(3), 565–577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-021-09691-z
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soga, M., & Gaston, K. J. (2022). Towards a unified understanding of human-nature interactions. Nature Sustainability, 5(5), 374–383. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00818-z
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tang, Y., Yang, Y., Chen, L., Liu, X., Deng, S., Dai, Y., Fan, Y., Li, F., & Cui, L. (2023). Association of prosocial behavior between mothers and their child with autism spectrum disorder: The mediating role of maternal parenting. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(6), 2283–2296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05487-1
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, A. F., & Kuo, F. E. (2008). Children with attention deficits concentrate better after walk in the park. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12(5), 402–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054708323000
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomsen, T., & Lessing, N. (2020). Children’s emotion regulation repertoire and problem behavior: A latent cross-lagged panel study. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 71, Article 101198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101198
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van den Bogerd, N., Dijkstra, S. C., Koole, S. L., Seidell, J. C., de Vries, R., & Maas, J. (2020). Nature in the indoor and outdoor study environment and secondary and tertiary education students’ well-being, academic outcomes, and possible mediating pathways: A systematic review with recommendations for science and practice. Health & Place, 66, Article 102403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102403
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, C., Geng, L., & Rodríguez-Casallas, J. D. (2023). The role of nature-deficit disorder in the associations between mobile phone overuse and well-being and mindfulness. Current Psychology, 42(2), 894–905. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01453-9
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X. (2023). Investigating ecological psychology: Understanding how humans and their environment interact. Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(3), Article 1000150.Google Scholar
Watson, R., Harvey, K., McCabe, C., & Reynolds, S. (2020). Understanding anhedonia: A qualitative study exploring loss of interest and pleasure in adolescent depression. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(4), 489–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01364-y
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yao, W., Zhang, X., & Gong, Q. (2021). The effect of exposure to the natural environment on stress reduction: A meta-analysis. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 57, Article 126932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126932
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yoon, S., Maguire-Jack, K., Ploss, A., Benavidez, J. L., & Chang, Y. (2024). Contextual factors of child behavioral health across developmental stages. Development and Psychopathology, 36(2), 660–673. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579422001481
CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zou, Y., & Yang, Z. (2018). Green contact index questionnaire: Development, reliability and validity. Journal of Beijing Forestry University (Social Sciences), 17(2), 78–83. https://doi.org/10.13931/j.cnki.bjfuss.2017036
CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu et al. supplementary material
Liu et al. supplementary material
File
95.9 KB