Translating by factors (henceforth TBF) is an attempt at systematizingthe multiplicity of factors affecting the translation process, in particular those relevant to thetranslation of the modals between English and German. TBF is an example of theso-called linguistic approach to translation and an illustration of why such an approach has oftenbeen criticized by translation scholars and professionals. Although it is useful to linguisticsengaged in descriptive and contrastive studies of modals, the predominantly formal,sentence-based, contrastive-analysis approach embraced by the authors (who adopt, withoutdiscussion, formal equivalence as the goal to strive for in translation activity) will not be of asmuch use to those engaged in the teaching and practice of translation for purposes ofcommunication. This is especially true in light of mounting empirical evidence in the translationcompetence literature that supports functional considerations as a dominant factor in professionaltranslator processes.