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Redefining Evangelicalism from the Margins: South Korean Student Evangelical Experiments, 1986–89

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2025

Dongjun Seo Open the ORCID record for Dongjun Seo [Opens in a new window]
Dongjun Seo*
Affiliation:
Korean Bible University 32, Dongil-ro 214-gil, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea.
*
Email: seodj59@gmail.com.
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Abstract

Under the 1980s authoritarian regime of Doo-Hwan Chun, a young Christian group emerged from the evangelical majority of Korean Protestantism. On the margins of Korean evangelicalism, this group started to redefine what it meant to be evangelical and to challenge its conservative-leaning socio-political and missiological orientation. This theme of ‘new evangelicals’ or ‘the evangelical left’ has been covered by many scholars in relation to America and Latin America, but not in Asian contexts. This article illuminates the Korean story by analysing the new evangelical experiments of Korean students from 1986 to 1989. It looks at their socio-political and ecclesial background, the tensions between this group and mainstream evangelicalism, and their contribution to the wider Korean evangelical community. Based on in-depth research of Korean primary sources and oral interviews with its key members, this article explores how a new evangelical group at the margins of Korean evangelicalism challenged the centre.

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Research Article
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Studies in Church History , Volume 61: MARGINS AND PERIPHERIES IN CHRISTIAN HISTORY , June 2025 , pp. 586 - 608
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© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Ecclesiastical History Society

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References

1 Marsden, George M., Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, MI, 1991), 56–61 Google Scholar, 68–74; Stanley, Brian, The Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism: The Age of Billy Graham and John Stott (Downers Grove, IL, 2013), 29–36 Google Scholar.

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12 Ibid. 129.

13 ‘격동의 “86”’ [‘Gyeokdongui “86”’; ‘The Turbulent Year of “1986”’], 대학 기독 신문 [Daehak Gidok Sinmun; University Christian Newspaper] [hereafter: UCN], 4 December 1986, 2; 김안식 [Ahn-Shik Kim], ‘역사의 현장에서 만난 예수님’ [‘Yeoksaui Hyeonjangeseo Mannan Yesunim’; ‘I Met Jesus in a Historic Moment’], UCN, 2 April 1987, 8.

14 ‘The Turbulent Year of “1986”’, 2; 이종철 [Jong-Chul Lee], ‘80년대 기독 학생 운동사 (III)’ [‘80nyeondae Gidok Haksaeng Undongsa (3)’; ‘The Christian Student Movement in the 1980s (3)’], GC 13 (November 1992), 124–31, at 125.

15 Kim, Joon-Gon, ‘Korea’s Total Evangelization Movement’, in Ro, Bong-Rin and Nelson, Marlin L., eds, Korean Church Growth Explosion (Seoul, 1983), 29 Google Scholar, 35.

16 Roughly seventy per cent of Western Protestant missionaries who came to Korea from 1884 to 1945 were American: 김승태 [Sung-Tae Kim] and 박혜진 [Hye-Jin Park], eds, 내한 선교사 총람 1884–1984 [Naehan Seongyosa Chongnam 1884–1984; A List of Missionaries to Korea, 1884–1984] (Seoul, 1994), 4–5.

17 이덕주 [Deok-Joo Rhie], 한국 토착교회 형성사 연구 [Hanguk Tochakgyohoe Hyeongseongsa Yeongu; A Study of the Formation of the Indigenous Church in Korea] (Seoul, 2001), 66–86; 김승태 [Seung-Tae Kim], ‘한말 일제 침략기 일제와 선교사와의 관계에 대한 연구 (1894–1910)’ [‘Hanmal Ilje Chimnyakgi Iljewa Seongyosawaui Gwangyee Daehan Yeongu’; ‘A Study of the Relationship between the Japanese Empire and Protestant Missionaries during the Japanese Occupation, 1894–1910’], 한국 기독교와 역사 [Christianity and History in Korea] 6 (1997), 65–100.

18 윤정란 [Jung-Ran Yoon], 한국 전쟁과 기독교 [Hanguk Jeonjaenggwa Gidokgyo; The Korean War and Protestantism] (Seoul, 2015), 67–114; 강인철 [In-Cheol Kang], 한국의 개신교와 반공주의 [Hangugui Gaesingyowa Bangongjuui; The Korean Protestant Church and Anti-Communism] (Seoul, 2006), 405–567.

19 Lee, ‘The Christian Student Movement in the 1980s (4)’, 129.

20 Ibid.

21 Ibid. 130.

22 ‘군부 독재타도’: ibid. All translations from Korean to English are mine unless otherwise noted.

23 Ibid.

24 Ibid.

25 ‘The Turbulent Year of “1986”’, 2; Kim, ‘I Met Jesus in a Historic Moment’, 8; Jong-Chul Lee, interview by the author, Seoul, 12 July 2021; Keun-Joo Kim, interview by the author, Seoul, 18 May 2023.

26 Wook Yoo, interview by the author, Seoul, 16 May 2023; Keun-Joo Kim, interview by the author, Seoul, 18 May 2023.

27 ‘회개 운동은 철저한 비판적 현실 인식을 토대로 열매 맺어져야’ [‘Hoegae Undongeun Cheoljeohan Bipanjeok Hyeonsil Insigeul Todaero Yeolmae Maejeojyeoya’; ‘A Repentance Movement Should Produce an Outcome Founded Upon a Critical Perspective of Reality’], UCN, 5 March 1987, 2; ‘정교분리 원칙 태동의 역사적 맥락’ [‘The Historical Context of the Principle of Separation between Church and State’], 복협 신문 [Bokyeop Sinmun; Newspaper of the Association of Evangelical Youth and Students] [hereafter: NAEYS], 4 December 1987, 4.

28 ‘The Historical Context of the Principle of Separation between Church and State’, 4.

29 Ibid.

30 Ibid.

31 Wook Yoo, interview by the author, Seoul, 16 May 2023.

32 ‘예수 그리스도의 복음의 핵심은 하나님 나라를 선언하는 것이었으며, 가난한 자와 억눌린 자가 해방의 소식을 얻게 되고 정의와 평화가 지배하는 하나님 나라를 실현하는 것이 그의 선교적 관심이고 역사의식이었다. …. 기존교회가 하나님과 인간이라는 수직적 관계에만 얽매여 구원의 초보에만 머문데 반해 하나님 나라 운동은 … 인간과 인간이라는 수평적 차원으로의 관계의 확장을 의미한다.’ ‘88 무엇을 할 것인가?’ [‘88 Mueoseul Hal Geosinga?’; ‘What Shall We Do in 1988?’], UCN, 15 March 1988, 2.

33 Kirkpatrick, A Gospel for the Poor, 11–12.

34 ‘우리가 믿는 복음주의라고 하는 것은 사회적인 문제를 모두 포괄해 낼 수 있다.’ Wook Yoo, Interview by the Author, Seoul, 16 May 2023.

35 Chang, Paul Y., Protest Dialectics: State Repression and South Korea’s Democracy Movement, 1970–1979 (Stanford, 2015), 49–110 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kim, Sebastian C. H. and Kim, Kirsteen, A History of Korean Christianity (New York, 2015), 246–55Google Scholar.

36 The recommended books included: St. Augustine’s Confessions; Thomas à Kempis’s The Imitation of Christ; Bob Goudzwaard’s Idols of Our Time; Harvie M. Conn’s Bible Studies on World Evangelization and the Simple Lifestyle; George E. Ladd’s Gospel of the Kingdom: Scriptural Studies in the Kingdom of God; James W. Sire’s The Universe Next Door; John Stott’s Christian Mission in the Modern World; Francis Schaeffer’s How Should We Then Live?; Evangelism, Salvation and Social Justice, co-authored by Ronald J. Sider and C. René Padilla; Ronald J. Sider’s Rich Christians in an Age of Hunger; Leonardo Boff’s The Lord’s Prayer; Is Revolution Change?, edited by Brian Griffiths; Reuben A. Torrey III’s 토지와 자유 [Land and Freedom]; 해방신학의 올바른 이해 [Understanding Liberation Theology], edited by Bundo Publishing Editorial Team; Sam-Yeol Lee’s 기독교와 사회이념 [Christianity and Social Ideology]; and In-Seok Seo’s 성서의 가난한 사람들 [The Poor in the Bible]. See ‘한 권의 책을 권함’ [‘Han Gwonui Chaegeul Gwonham’; ‘A Book Recommendation’], UCN, 2 April 1987, 5; ‘서평’ [‘Seopyeong’; ‘A Book Review’], UCN, 16 October 1987, 6; ‘신입생을 위한 추천 도서’ [‘Sinipsaengeul Wihan Chucheon Doseo’; ‘Book Recommendations for Freshmen’], UCN, 15 March 1988, 7; ‘서평’ [‘Seopyeong’; ‘A Book Review’], UCN, 9 September 1988, 8; ‘서평’ [‘Seopyeong’; ‘A Book Review’], UCN, 15 May 1989, 8.

37 The Council for the Centennial Anniversary of the Korean Church, 한국 기독교 100주년 기념 사업 요람 [Hanguk Gidokgyo 100junyeon Ginyeom Saeop Yoram; A Booklet of the Memorial Enterprises of the Centennial Year of Korean Protestantism] (Seoul, 1984), 47; Lee, Timothy S., Born Again: Evangelicalism in Korea (Honolulu, 2010), 141 Google Scholar.

38 Conn, Harvie M., Bible Studies on World Evangelization and the Simple Lifestyle (Phillipsburg, NJ, 1981)Google Scholar.

39 ‘하나님 나라의 복음 (은) … 개인 윤리 중심의 성경해석으로 관념화되어 버린 나머지 전도는 구두선포만으로 예수 그리스도는 주 (Lord)가 아니라 구원자 (Savior)로 위축되어 이해되는 경우가 많았다. 그것이 개인구원과 사회구원의 극한 논리적 대립을 낳기도 하였고 복음전도와 사회적 책임의 관계 이해에 난관이 되기도 했다. 이 교재는 … 지나치게 영화 (spiritualization) 된 복음의 구체화를 [돕는다].’ ‘A Book Recommendation’, 5.

40 Stott, John, Christian Mission in the Modern World (Downers Grove, IL, 1975)Google Scholar.

41 Ibid. 15–34.

42 Stanley, The Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism, 177–9.

43 Ibid. 155.

44 John Stott, 현대 기독교 선교 [Hyeondae Gidokgyo Seongyo; Christian Mission in the Modern World], transl. Myung-Hyuk Kim (Seoul, 1981). John Stott’s commentary on the Lausanne Covenant had also been translated into Korean earlier in 1976, despite not being among the titles in the list recommended by the University Christian Newspaper: John Stott, The Lausanne Covenant: An Exposition and Commentary (Minneapolis, MN, 1975); idem, 선교에 대한 복음주의 입장 [Seongyoe Daehan Bogeumjuui Ipjang; An Evangelical Perspective on Mission], transl. 조종남 [Jong-Nam Cho] (Gyeonggi, 1976).

45 Swartz, Moral Minority, 156–60.

46 Ronald J. Sider, Rich Christians in an Age of Hunger: A Biblical Study (Downers Grove, IL, 1977); idem, 기아와 빈곤으로부터의 해방 [Giawa Bingoneurobuteoui Haebang; The Liberation from the Starvation and Poverty], transl. 권명달 [Myung-Dal Kwon] (Seoul, 1981); idem, Evangelism, Salvation and Social Justice (Bramcote, 1977); idem and Carlos René Padilla, 복음전도, 구원, 사회정의 [Bogeumjeondo, Guwon, Sahoejeongui; Evangelism, Salvation and Social Justice], transl. 한화룡 [Hwa-Ryong Han] (Seoul, 1987).

47 Kirkpatrick, A Gospel for the Poor, 15–52.

48 Ibid. 49; Salinas, ‘The Theological Revolution in Latin American Evangelicalism’, 41–61.

49 Brian Griffiths, ed., Is Revolution Change? (London, 1972); idem, ed., 혁명만이 변화인가? [Hyeongmyeongmani Byeonhwainga?; Is Revolution Change?], transl. 한화룡 [Hwa-Ryong Han] (Seoul, 1989).

50 Griffiths, Is Revolution Change?, 7.

51 Orlando E. Costas, Christ Outside the Gate: Mission Beyond Christendom (Maryknoll, NY, 1982); idem, 성문 밖의 그리스도 [Seongmun Bakkui Geuriseudo; Christ Outside the Gate], transl. 김승환 [Seung-Hwan Kim] (Seoul, 1987).

52 Jong-Chul Lee, interview by the author, Seoul, 12 July 2021; Wook Yoo, interview by the author, Seoul, 16 May 2023; Keun-Joo Kim, interview by the author, Seoul, 18 May 2023.

53 ‘복음주의 청년협 창립 강연회’ [‘Bogeumjuui Cheongnyeonhyeop Changnip Gangyeonhoe’; ‘Inaugural Lecture for the Youth Evangelical Fellowship of Korea’], 크리스챤 신문 [Keuriseuchyan Sinmun; Christian Press], 27 February 1988, 11.

54 구교형 [Ku Kyo-Hyung], 한국복음주의 사회선교운동 30년사: 하나님나라를 응시하다 [Hangukbogeumjuui Sahoeseongyoundong 30nyeonsa: Hananim Narareul Eungsihada; Thirty Year History of the Korean Evangelical Movement for Social Mission: Looking at the Kingdom of God] (Seoul, 2019), 57–8; 김회권 [Hae-Kwon Kim], ‘80년대 학원 선교의 반성과 전망’ [‘80nyeondae Hagwon Seongyoui Banseonggwa Jeonmang’; ‘A Retrospect and Prospect of the Campus Ministry in the 1980s’], UCN, 5 March 1987, 4.

55 Kyung-Min Kang, interview by the author, Seoul, 22 June 2021; Mun-Shik Lee, interview by the author, Yongin, 6 July 2021; Chul-Ho Han, interview by the author (via Zoom), Seoul, 19 July 2021; Chik-Han Koh, interview by the author (via Zoom), Seoul, 12 August 2021.

56 ‘Inaugural Lecture for the Youth Evangelical Fellowship of Korea’, 11.

57 ‘큰 신학적 토대’, ‘하나의 빛’, ‘핵폭탄’: Kyung-Min Kang, interview by the author, Seoul, 22 June 2021; Chul-Ho Han, interview by the author (via Zoom), Seoul, 19 July 2021; Cheol-Soo Park, interview by the author, Yongin, 1 July 2021.

58 Jong-Chul Lee, interview by the author, Seoul, 12 July 2021; Wook Yoo, interview by the author, Seoul, 16 May 2023; Keun-Joo Kim, interview by the author, Seoul, 18 May 2023.

59 Mun-Shik Lee, interview by the author, Yongin, 6 July 2021.

60 ‘기초 공동체 운동의 심화 확산’ [‘Gicho Gongdongche Undongui Simhwa Hwaksan’; ‘The Growth and Intensification of the Base Community’], UCN, 16 October 1987, 2; ‘What Shall We Do in 1988?’, 2; ‘운동권의 주체 역량 미비와 야권의 분열 속에서 여권의 순탄한 항해’ [‘Undonggwonui Juche Yeongnyang Mibiwa Yagwonui Bunyeol Sogeseo Yeogwonui Suntanhan Hanghae’; ‘The Lack of Autonomy of the Pro-Democracy Movement Group, the Division of the Opposition Parties, and the Resulting Smooth Voyage of the Ruling Party’], UCN, 2 April 1987, 2; 이승재 [Seung-Jae Lee], ‘사회과학 방법론의 유물론적 기조와 그 수용 가능성’ [‘Sahoegwahak Bangbeomnonui Yumullonjeok Gijowa Geu Suyong Ganeungseong’; ‘Socio-scientific Mythology’s Materialistic Tendency and Its Acceptability’], UCN, 25 December 1988, 5.

61 The Council for the Centennial Anniversary of the Korean Church, A Booklet of the Memorial Enterprises, 46.

62 Lee, Born Again, 141.

63 Kirkpatrick, A Gospel for the Poor, 33–52.

64 박문재 [Mun-Jae Park], ‘우리는 무엇을 보며, 무엇을 들으려 하는가’ [‘Urineun Mueoseul Bomyeo, Mueoseul Deureuryeo Haneunga’; ‘What Should We Want to See and Hear?’], UCN, 5 March 1987, 1; ‘A Repentance Movement Should Produce an Outcome’, 2; Kim, ‘A Retrospect and Prospect of the Campus Ministry in the 1980s’, 4; 김병연 [Byung-Yeon Kim], ‘아담 스미드와 칼 맑스 그리고 기독교’ [‘Adam Seumideuwa Kal Malseu Geurigo Gidokgyo’; ‘Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and Christianity’], UCN, 5 March 1987, 5.

65 ‘The Lack of Autonomy of the Pro-Democracy Movement Group’, 2.

66 Ibid.

67 Ibid.

68 ‘서울대 채플의 길’ [‘Seouldae Chaepeurui Gil’; ‘The Way to Go for Seoul National University’s Chapel’], UCN, 2 April 1987, 4–5; ‘투고 환영’ [‘Tugo Hwanyeong’; ‘Calling for Contributions from Readers’], UCN, 9 September 1988, 4.

69 서중석 [Joong-Seok Seo], 한국 현대사 60년 [Hanguk Hyeondaesa 60nyeon; The Contemporary History of South Korea – 60 Years] (Gyeonggi, 2007), 196–201.

70 ‘민주화를 위해 하나님이 주신 기회’: Wook Yoo, interview by the author, Seoul, 16 May 2023.

71 ‘복음주의 청년, 학생 협의회 발족 취지문’ [‘Bogeumjuui Cheongnyeon, Haksaeng Hyeobuihoe Baljok Chwijimun’; ‘The Founding Document of the Association of Evangelical Youth and Students’], UCN, 19 November 1987, 1; ‘필리핀 남프렐의 공명 선거 운동’ [‘Pillipin Nampeurerui Gongmyeong Seongeo Undong’; ‘A Filipino Fair Election Campaign Launched by the National Citizens’ Movement for a Free Election’], NAEYS, 27 November 1987, 4.

72 ‘복음적 신앙에 기초한 사회적 실천의 절대 필요’: ‘복음주의 청년, 학생 협의회 결성에 부쳐’ [‘Bogeumjuui Cheongnyeon, Haksaeng Hyeobuihoe Gyeolseonge Buchyeo’; ‘Celebrating the Formation of the Association of Evangelical Youth and Students’], NAEYS, 27 November 1987, 1. See also ‘복음주의 청년, 학생 협의회 결성’ [‘Bogeumjuui Cheongnyeon, Haksaeng Hyeobuihoe Gyeolseong’; ‘The Formation of the Association of Evangelical Youth and Students’], NAEYS, 27 November 1987, 1.

73 ‘The Formation of the Association of Evangelical Youth and Students’, 1.

74 ‘The Founding Document of the Association of Evangelical Youth and Students’, 1.

75 ‘정의를 향한 교회의 뜨거운 몸짓’ [‘Jeonguireul Hyanghan Gyohoeui Tteugeoun Momjit’; ‘Churches’ Enthusiasm for Social Justice’], NAEYS, 4 December 1987, 1.

76 ‘자원 봉사자 등록 상황’ [‘Jawon Bongsaja Deungnok Sanghwang’; ‘The Status of Recruiting Volunteers’], NAEYS, 11 December 1987, 3.

77 Ibid.

78 Wook Yoo, Interview by the Author, Seoul, 16 May 2023.

79 ‘최소한의 일’, ‘최소한의 양심’: Keun-Joo Kim, interview by the author, Seoul, 18 May 2023. See also ‘복협 공정선거운동을 돌아보며’ [‘Bokyeop Gongjeong Seongeo Undongeul Dorabomyeo’; ‘A Retrospection on the Fair Election Campaign by the Association of Evangelical Youth and Students’], UCN, 25 December 1988, 2.

80 Macnabb, Valerie Ann and Rees, Martha W., ‘Liberation or Theology? Ecclesial Base Communities in Oaxaca, Mexico’, Journal of Church and State 35 (1993), 723–49CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

81 Ibid. 730.

82 임영환 [Young-Hwan Lim], ‘빈민 선교활동 보고’ [‘Binmin Seongyo Hwaldong Bogo’; ‘A Report of Mission for the Poor’], UCN, 9 September 1988, 6; 이덕준 [Duk-Jun Lee], ‘나의 모친과 나의 동생들을 보라’ [‘Naui Mochingwa Naui Dongsaengdeureul Bora’; ‘Behold, My Mother and My Brothers’], UCN, 15 May 1989, 7; ‘공부방 교사 모집’ [‘Gongbubang Gyosa Mojip’; ‘We Are Looking for Volunteer Tutors’], UCN, 5 September 1989, 8.

83 Chubb, Contentious Activism and Inter-Korean Relations, 101–13.

84 ‘What Should We Do in 1988?’, 2.

85 ‘현 대학에 있어 인간에 대한 관심이 … 정치화에만 의미를 지나치게 부여하는 경향이 있다. … 구조악으로 왜곡된 그들의 삶을 보여주며 의식화-조직화시켜 정치적 실천의 주체로서 이끄는 것, 이것만이 참다운 실천으로 강요 받고 있는 것이다. 그러나 … 인간이란 존재는 … 복잡한 총체적 실체이다. … 우리가 정치운동에만 연연할 때 참 인간 해방은 올 수 없는 것이다. … 공동체 운동의 심화, 확산이야말로 … 사회변혁운동의 핵심이다. 정치운동은 외피만을 변화시키지만 공동체 운동은 삶의 실질을 변화시키는 것이다.’ Ibid. See also ‘민족 구원을 위한 하나님의 부르심에 책임 있는 응답을’ [‘Minjok Guwoneul Wihan Hananimui Bureusime Chaegim Inneun Eungdabeul’; ‘A Responsible Reply toward God’s Call for Us to Save Our People Is Needed’], UCN, 16 September 1987, 3; ‘The Growth and Intensification of the Base Community’, 2.

86 ‘약정 토론’ [‘Yakjeong Toron’; ‘A Panel Discussion’], 새로운 지성 [Saeroun Jiseong; New Thought] 2 (1989), 23–53, at 29, 46, 48. For complaints about the criticism among those of the SNU evangelical network who favoured the base community, see ‘기독교 사회관 집담회’ [Gidokgyo Sahoegwan Jipdamhoe; A Group Discussion of a Christian View of Society], UCN, 16 March 1989, 2.

87 한철하 [Chul-Ha Han], ‘성경이 가르치는 현실 참여’ [‘Seonggyeongi Gareuchineun Hyeonsil Chamyeo’; ‘Biblical Teachings on Christian Socio-political Involvement’], 성경과 신학 [Seonggyeonggwa Sinhak; Bible and Theology] 1 (1983), 16–19; 손봉호 [Bong-Ho Son], ‘해방 신학’ [‘Haebang Sinhak’; ‘Liberation Theology’], 성경과 신학 [Seonggyeonggwa Sinhak; Bible and Theology] 1 (1983), 248–54.

88 ‘A Panel Discussion’, 46.

89 Jeong-Soo Park, interview by the author, Anyang, 21 July 2021; Wook Yoo, interview by the author, Seoul, 16 May 2023.

90 Gyeonggi, Korea Democracy Foundation Open Archives, ‘기문연 대책위 활동 보고서’ [‘Gimunyeon Daechaegwi Hwaldong Bogoseo’; ‘Report by the Task Force to Resolve the Christian Culture Society Members’ Imprisonment’], online at: <https://archives.kdemo.or.kr/isad/view/00841425>, accessed 12 August 2023.

91 ‘공정 선거 운동의 현 주소와 전망’ [‘Gongjeong Seongeo Undongui Hyeon Jusowa Jeonmang’; ‘The Present and Prospect of Campaigns for Fair Elections’], GC 8 (1992), 138–44.

92 Lee, ‘The Christian Student Movement in the 1980s (4)’, 134; Keun-Joo Kim, Interview by the Author, Seoul, 18 May 2023.

93 Kirkpatrick, A Gospel for the Poor, 33–52.

94 ‘공명 선거 캠페인을 위한 기독인 선언’ [‘Gongmyeong Seongeo Kaempeineul Wihan Gidogin Seoneon’; ‘A Christian Declaration for Fair Election Campaign’], 크리스챤 신문 [Keuriseuchyan Sinmun; Christian Press], 9 February 1991, 10; ‘알립니다’ [‘Allimnida’; ‘Notice’], 기독교 윤리 실천 운동 소식 [Gidokgyo Yulli Silcheon Undong Sosik; A Newsletter of the Christian Ethics Movement of Korea] 35 (1991), 3–12, at 12.

95 ‘독자 투고’ [‘Dokja Tugo’; ‘The Correspondence Column’], GC 13 (1992), 18–9, at 19; ‘독자 투고’ [‘Dokja Tugo’; ‘The Correspondence Column’], GC 16 (1993), 18–9, at 19; 김호열 [Ho-Yeol Kim], ‘복음과 상황을 폐간하며’ [‘Bogeumgwa Sanghwangeul Pyeganhamyeo’; ‘The Discontinuation of the Publication of Gospel and Context’], GC 62 (1997), 154–8.

96 Lee Jong-Chul, interview by the author, Seoul, 12 July 2021.