To determine the prevalence and characteristics of plant-based patterns in the Spanish population and assess their potential impact on individuals with similar sociodemographic backgrounds.

We estimated vegetarian and vegan individuals’ national and regional prevalence and analyzed their sociodemographic characteristics and weekly dietary intake patterns. Individuals with a plant-based dietary pattern were matched to a control group (1:4) with similar sociodemographic characteristics. Associations with the prevalence risk of common chronic diseases, self-reported health status, lifestyle, and healthcare use were analyzed with unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models.

A population-based survey of individuals residing in Spain.

Data from 22,072 participants were examined.

The prevalence of plant-based diets was 5.62‰ (95% CI: 4.33–7.28), and adherents were female (68.6%), single (62.3%), and university-educated 41.8%) (P< 0.001). They reported higher rates of “never” consuming snacks (50% vs 35%), fast food (58% vs 36%), and sweets (33% vs 14%). Lifestyle factors did not differ between the plant-based and omnivorous groups; however, adherence to plant-based diets was associated with a prevalence risk of depressive symptoms (OR 2.58, 95% CI: 1.00–6.65), stroke (OR 7.08, 95% CI: 1.27–39.46), and increased consultations for mental health and complementary medicine (OR 3.21, 95% CI: 1.38–7.43).

Plant-based diets are uncommon and are associated with specific sociodemographic profiles, particularly sex. When comparing individuals with similar sociodemographic characteristics, individuals with plant-based diets and omnivores had similar lifestyles. Addressing patient concerns regarding diet and personal well-being might prioritize healthy behaviors over specific dietary patterns.