Hostname: page-component-54dcc4c588-br6xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-07T09:32:52.897Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

LSD acutely impairs working memory, executive functions, and cognitive flexibility, but not risk-based decision-making

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 September 2019

Thomas Pokorny Open the ORCID record for Thomas Pokorny [Opens in a new window] ,
Patricia Duerler ,
Erich Seifritz ,
Franz X. Vollenweider  and
Katrin H. Preller
Thomas Pokorny*
Affiliation:
Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Heffter Research Center Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Patricia Duerler
Affiliation:
Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Heffter Research Center Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Erich Seifritz
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Franz X. Vollenweider
Affiliation:
Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Heffter Research Center Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Katrin H. Preller
Affiliation:
Neuropsychopharmacology and Brain Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Heffter Research Center Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
*
Author for correspondence: Thomas Pokorny, E-mail: thomas.pokorny@bli.uzh.ch
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Psychiatric and neurodegenerative illnesses are characterized by cognitive impairments, in particular deficits in working memory, decision-making, and executive functions including cognitive flexibility. However, the neuropharmacology of these cognitive functions is poorly understood. The serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptor might be a promising candidate for the modulation of cognitive processes. However, pharmacological studies investigating the role of this receptor system in humans are rare. Recent evidence demonstrates that the effects of Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are mediated via agonistic action at the 5-HT2A receptor. Yet, the effects of LSD on specific cognitive domains using standardized neuropsychological test have not been studied.

Methods

We examined the acute effects of LSD (100 µg) alone and in combination with the 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin (40 mg) on cognition, employing a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, within-subject design in 25 healthy participants. Executive functions, cognitive flexibility, spatial working memory, and risk-based decision-making were examined by the Intra/Extra-Dimensional shift task (IED), Spatial Working Memory task (SWM), and Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT) of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery.

Results

Compared to placebo, LSD significantly impaired executive functions, cognitive flexibility, and working memory on the IED and SWM, but did not influence the quality of decision-making and risk taking on the CGT. Pretreatment with the 5-HT2A antagonist ketanserin normalized all LSD-induced cognitive deficits.

Conclusions

The present findings highlight the role of the 5-HT2A receptor system in executive functions and working memory and suggest that specific 5-HT2A antagonists may be relevant for improving cognitive dysfunctions in psychiatric disorders.

Keywords

5-HT2A receptorcognitionexecutive functionsLSDrisk-based decision-makingspatial memoryworking memory

Information

Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 50 , Issue 13 , October 2020 , pp. 2255 - 2264
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Bhagwagar, Z, Hinz, R, Taylor, M, Fancy, S, Cowen, P and Grasby, P (2006) Increased 5-HT(2A) receptor binding in euthymic, medication-free patients recovered from depression: a positron emission study with (11)CMDL 100907. The American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 1580–1587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouso, JC, Fabregas, JM, Antonijoan, RM, Rodriguez-Fornells, A and Riba, J (2013) Acute effects of ayahuasca on neuropsychological performance: differences in executive function between experienced and occasional users. Psychopharmacology 230, 415–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braff, DL, Geyer, MA and Swerdlow, NR (2001) Human studies of prepulse inhibition of startle: normal subjects, patient groups, and pharmacological studies. Psychopharmacology 156, 234–258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cano-Colino, M, Almeida, R, Gomez-Cabrero, D, Artigas, F and Compte, A (2014) Serotonin regulates performance nonmonotonically in a spatial working memory network. Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY: 1991) 24, 2449–2463.Google Scholar
Carhart-Harris, RL, Kaelen, M, Bolstridge, M, Williams, TM, Williams, LT, Underwood, R, Feilding, A and Nutt, DJ (2016) The paradoxical psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Psychological Medicine 46, 1379–1390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, OL, Burr, DC, Pettigrew, JD, Wallis, GM, Hasler, F and Vollenweider, FX (2005) Using psilocybin to investigate the relationship between attention, working memory, and the serotonin 1A and 2A receptors. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, 1497–1508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, OL, Hasler, F, Pettigrew, JD, Wallis, GM, Liu, GB and Vollenweider, FX (2007) Psilocybin links binocular rivalry switch rate to attention and subjective arousal levels in humans. Psychopharmacology 195, 415–424.10.1007/s00213-007-0930-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamberlain, SR, Fineberg, NA, Menzies, LA, Blackwell, AD, Bullmore, ET, Robbins, TW and Sahakian, BJ (2007) Impaired cognitive flexibility and motor inhibition in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry 164, 335–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claesdotter, E, Cervin, M, Åkerlund, S, Råstam, M and Lindvall, M (2018) The effects of ADHD on cognitive performance. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 72, 158–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, L, Bechara, A, Damasio, H, Aitken, MRF, Sahakian, BJ and Robbins, TW (2008) Differential effects of insular and ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions on risky decision-making. Brain 131, 1311–1322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Désaméricq, G, Schurhoff, F, Meary, A, Szöke, A, Macquin-Mavier, I, Bachoud-Lévi, AC and Maison, P (2014) Long-term neurocognitive effects of antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a network meta-analysis. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 70, 127–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dias, R, Robbins, TW and Roberts, AC (1996) Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts. Nature 380, 69–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dittrich, A (1998) The standardized psychometric assessment of altered states of consciousness (ASCs) in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry 31(Suppl. 2), 80–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dwivedi, Y and Pandey, GN (1998) Quantitation of 5HT2A receptor mRNA in human postmortem brain using competitive RT-PCR. Neuroreport 9, 3761–3765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, R, McKenna, PJ, Robbins, TW and Sahakian, BJ (1995) Neuropsychological evidence for frontostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 25, 619–630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geyer, MA and Vollenweider, FX (2008) Serotonin research: contributions to understanding psychoses. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 29, 445–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gouzoulis-Mayfrank, E, Heekeren, K, Thelen, B, Lindenblatt, H, Kovar, KA, Sass, H and Geyer, MA (1998) Effects of the hallucinogen psilocybin on habituation and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans. Behavioural Pharmacology 9, 561–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halberstadt, AL and Geyer, MA (2010) LSD but not lisuride disrupts prepulse inhibition in rats by activating the 5-HT(2A) receptor. Psychopharmacology 208, 179–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hampshire, A and Owen, AM (2006) Fractionating attentional control using event-related fMRI. Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY: 1991) 16, 1679–1689.Google Scholar
Hill, SK, Bishop, JR, Palumbo, D and Sweeney, JA (2010) Effect of second-generation antipsychotics on cognition: current issues and future challenges. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 10, 43–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jagust, W (2018) Imaging the evolution and pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 19, 687–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jazbec, S, Pantelis, C, Robbins, T, Weickert, T, Weinberger, DR and Goldberg, TE (2007) Intra-dimensional/extra-dimensional set-shifting performance in schizophrenia: impact of distractors. Schizophrenia Research 89, 339–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jessen, K, Mandl, RCW, Fagerlund, B, Bojesen, KB, Raghava, JM, Obaid, HG, Jensen, MB, Johansen, LB, Nielsen, MØ, Pantelis, C, Rostrup, E, Glenthøj, BY and Ebdrup, BH (2019) Patterns of cortical structures and cognition in antipsychotic-naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia: a partial least squares correlation analysis. Biological Psychiatry. Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 4, 444–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kometer, M, Schmidt, A, Bachmann, R, Studerus, E, Seifritz, E and Vollenweider, FX (2012) Psilocybin biases facial recognition, goal-directed behavior, and mood state toward positive relative to negative emotions through different serotonergic subreceptors. Biological Psychiatry 72, 898–906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraehenmann, R, Pokorny, D, Aicher, H, Preller, KH, Pokorny, T, Bosch, OG, Seifritz, E and Vollenweider, FX (2017) LSD increases primary process thinking via serotonin 2A receptor activation. Frontiers in Pharmacology 8, 814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuypers, KPC, Riba, J, de La Fuente Revenga, M, Barker, S, Theunissen, EL and Ramaekers, JG (2016) Ayahuasca enhances creative divergent thinking while decreasing conventional convergent thinking. Psychopharmacology 233, 3395–3403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehrl, S (2005) Manual zum MWT-B. Spitta-Verl.: Balingen.Google Scholar
Liechti, ME, Saur, MR, Gamma, A, Hell, D and Vollenweider, FX (2000) Psychological and physiological effects of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) after pretreatment with the 5-HT(2) antagonist ketanserin in healthy humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 23, 396–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marona-Lewicka, D and Nichols, DE (2007) Further evidence that the delayed temporal dopaminergic effects of LSD are mediated by a mechanism different than the first temporal phase of action. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 87, 453–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marona-Lewicka, D, Thisted, RA and Nichols, DE (2005) Distinct temporal phases in the behavioral pharmacology of LSD: dopamine D2 receptor-mediated effects in the rat and implications for psychosis. Psychopharmacology 180, 427–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meltzer, HY, Massey, BW and Horiguchi, M (2012) Serotonin receptors as targets for drugs useful to treat psychosis and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 13, 1572–1586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millan, MJ, Agid, Y, Brune, M, Bullmore, ET, Carter, CS, Clayton, NS, Connor, R, Davis, S, Deakin, B, DeRubeis, RJ, Dubois, B, Geyer, MA, Goodwin, GM, Gorwood, P, Jay, TM, Joels, M, Mansuy, IM, Meyer-Lindenberg, A, Murphy, D, Rolls, E, Saletu, B, Spedding, M, Sweeney, J, Whittington, M and Young, LJ (2012) Cognitive dysfunction in psychiatric disorders: characteristics, causes and the quest for improved therapy. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 11, 141–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, LS, Kundu, P, Dowell, N, Mechelmans, DJ, Favre, P, Irvine, MA, Robbins, TW, Daw, N, Bullmore, ET, Harrison, NA and Voon, V (2016) Fronto-striatal organization: defining functional and microstructural substrates of behavioural flexibility. Cortex 74, 118–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naghdi, N and Harooni, HE (2005) The effect of intrahippocampal injections of ritanserin (5HT2A/2C antagonist) and granisetron (5HT3 antagonist) on learning as assessed in the spatial version of the water maze. Behavioural Brain Research 157, 205–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ouagazzal, A, Grottick, AJ, Moreau, J and Higgins, GA (2001) Effect of LSD on prepulse inhibition and spontaneous behavior in the rat. A pharmacological analysis and comparison between two rat strains. Neuropsychopharmacology 25, 565–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, AM, Downes, JJ, Sahakian, BJ, Polkey, CE and Robbins, TW (1990) Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia 28, 1021–1034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, AM, Roberts, AC, Polkey, CE, Sahakian, BJ and Robbins, TW (1991) Extra-dimensional versus intra-dimensional set shifting performance following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man. Neuropsychologia 29, 993–1006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, AM, Roberts, AC, Hodges, JR, Summers, BA, Polkey, CE and Robbins, TW (1993) Contrasting mechanisms of impaired attentional set-shifting in patients with frontal lobe damage or Parkinson's disease. Brain 116, 1159–1175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, AM, Sahakian, BJ, Semple, J, Polkey, CE and Robbins, TW (1995) Visuo-spatial short-term recognition memory and learning after temporal lobe excisions, frontal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man. Neuropsychologia 33, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, AM, Morris, RG, Sahakian, BJ, Polkey, CE and Robbins, TW (1996) Double dissociations of memory and executive functions in working memory tasks following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man. Brain 119, 1597–1615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pantelis, C, Wood, SJ, Proffitt, TM, Testa, R, Mahony, K, Brewer, WJ, Buchanan, J-A, Velakoulis, D and McGorry, PD (2009) Attentional set-shifting ability in first-episode and established schizophrenia: relationship to working memory. Schizophrenia Research 112, 104–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perani, D, Garibotto, V, Gorini, A, Moresco, RM, Henin, M, Panzacchi, A, Matarrese, M, Carpinelli, A, Bellodi, L and Fazio, F (2008) In vivo PET study of 5HT(2A) serotonin and D(2) dopamine dysfunction in drug-naive obsessive-compulsive disorder. NeuroImage 42, 306–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pokorny, T, Preller, KH, Kometer, M, Dziobek, I and Vollenweider, FX (2017) Effect of Psilocybin on Empathy and Moral Decision-Making. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 20, 747–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pompeiano, M, Palacios, JM and Mengod, G (1994) Distribution of the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor family mRNAs: comparison between 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research 23, 163–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preller, KH, Herdener, M, Pokorny, T, Planzer, A, Kraehenmann, R, Stämpfli, P, Liechti, ME, Seifritz, E and Vollenweider, FX (2017) The fabric of meaning and subjective effects in LSD-induced states depend on serotonin 2A receptor activation. Current Biology 27, 451–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preller, KH, Burt, JB, Ji, JL, Schleifer, CH, Adkinson, BD, Stämpfli, P, Seifritz, E, Repovs, G, Krystal, JH, Murray, JD, Vollenweider, FX and Anticevic, A (2018a) Changes in global and thalamic brain connectivity in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness are attributable to the 5-HT2A receptor. eLife 7, e35082.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preller, KH, Schilbach, L, Pokorny, T, Flemming, J, Seifritz, E and Vollenweider, FX (2018b) Role of the 5-HT2A receptor in self- and other-initiated social interaction in LSD-induced states - a pharmacological fMRI study. The Journal of Neuroscience 38, 3603–3611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Primac, DW, Mirsky, AF and Rosvold, HE (1957) Effects of centrally acting drugs on two tests of brain damage. A.M.A. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 77, 328–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quednow, BB, Kometer, M, Geyer, MA and Vollenweider, FX (2012) Psilocybin-induced deficits in automatic and controlled inhibition are attenuated by ketanserin in healthy human volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 37, 630–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, RD (2011) The roles of dopamine and serotonin in decision making: evidence from pharmacological experiments in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 36, 114–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, RD, Everitt, BJ, Baldacchino, A, Blackshaw, AJ, Swainson, R, Wynne, K, Baker, NB, Hunter, J, Carthy, T, Booker, E, London, M, Deakin, JF, Sahakian, BJ and Robbins, TW (1999) Dissociable deficits in the decision-making cognition of chronic amphetamine abusers, opiate abusers, patients with focal damage to prefrontal cortex, and tryptophan-depleted normal volunteers: evidence for monoaminergic mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology 20, 322–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, BL, Hanizavareh, SM and Blum, AE (2004) Serotonin receptors represent highly favorable molecular targets for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia and other disorders. Psychopharmacology 174, 17–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmid, Y, Enzler, F, Gasser, P, Grouzmann, E, Preller, KH, Vollenweider, FX, Brenneisen, R, Muller, F, Borgwardt, S and Liechti, ME (2015) Acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in healthy subjects. Biological Psychiatry 78, 544–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seifritz, E, Baumann, P, Muller, MJ, Annen, O, Amey, M, Hemmeter, U, Hatzinger, M, Chardon, F and Holsboer-Trachsler, E (1996) Neuroendocrine effects of a 20-mg citalopram infusion in healthy males. A placebo-controlled evaluation of citalopram as 5-HT function probe. Neuropsychopharmacology 14, 253–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheehan, DV, Lecrubier, Y, Sheehan, KH, Amorim, P, Janavs, J, Weiller, E, Hergueta, T, Baker, R and Dunbar, GC (1998) The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 59(suppl. 20), 22–33.Google Scholar
Sommers, DK, van Wyk, M and Snyman, JR (1994) Dexfenfluramine-induced prolactin release as an index of central synaptosomal 5-hydroxytryptamine during treatment with fluoxetine. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 46, 441–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Studerus, E, Gamma, A and Vollenweider, FX (2010) Psychometric evaluation of the altered states of consciousness rating scale (OAV). PLoS ONE 5, e12412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Švob Štrac, D, Pivac, N and Mück-Šeler, D (2016) The serotonergic system and cognitive function. Translational Neuroscience 7, 35–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talvik-Lotfi, M, Nyberg, S, Nordström, AL, Ito, H, Halldin, C, Brunner, F and Farde, L (2000) High 5HT2A receptor occupancy in M100907-treated schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology 148, 400–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terry, AV, Buccafusco, JJ and Bartoszyk, GD (2005) Selective serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist EMD 281014 improves delayed matching performance in young and aged rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology 179, 725–732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyson, PJ, Laws, KR, Flowers, KA, Tyson, A and Mortimer, AM (2006) Cognitive function and social abilities in patients with schizophrenia: relationship with atypical antipsychotics. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 60, 473–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Umbricht, D, Vollenweider, FX, Schmid, L, Grubel, C, Skrabo, A, Huber, T and Koller, R (2003) Effects of the 5-HT2A agonist psilocybin on mismatch negativity generation and AX-continuous performance task: implications for the neuropharmacology of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 28, 170–181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaghi, MM, Vértes, PE, Kitzbichler, MG, Apergis-Schoute, AM, van der Flier, FE, Fineberg, NA, Sule, A, Zaman, R, Voon, V, Kundu, P, Bullmore, ET and Robbins, TW (2017) Specific frontostriatal circuits for impaired cognitive flexibility and goal-directed planning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from resting-state functional connectivity. Biological Psychiatry 81, 708–717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vollenweider, FX, Vollenweider-Scherpenhuyzen, MF, Babler, A, Vogel, H and Hell, D (1998) Psilocybin induces schizophrenia-like psychosis in humans via a serotonin-2 agonist action. Neuroreport 9, 3897–3902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vollenweider, FX, Csomor, PA, Knappe, B, Geyer, MA and Quednow, BB (2007) The effects of the preferential 5-HT2A agonist psilocybin on prepulse inhibition of startle in healthy human volunteers depend on interstimulus interval. Neuropsychopharmacology 32, 1876–1887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, AM, Pradhan, S, Coughlin, JM, Trivedi, A, DuBois, SL, Crawford, JL, Sedlak, TW, Nucifora, FC, Nestadt, G, Nucifora, LG, Schretlen, DJ, Sawa, A and Barker, PB (2019) Assessing brain metabolism with 7-T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with first-episode psychosis. JAMA Psychiatry 76, 314–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wittmann, M, Carter, O, Hasler, F, Cahn, BR, Grimberg, U, Spring, P, Hell, D, Flohr, H and Vollenweider, FX (2007) Effects of psilocybin on time perception and temporal control of behaviour in humans. Journal of Psychopharmacology 21, 50–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wunderli, MD, Vonmoos, M, Niedecker, SM, Hulka, LM, Preller, KH, Baumgartner, MR, Kraemer, T, Seifritz, E, Schaub, MP, Eich-Höchli, D and Quednow, BB (2016) Cognitive and emotional impairments in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cocaine use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 163, 92–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, G and Stackman, RW (2015) The role of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in memory and cognition. Frontiers in Pharmacology 6, 225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Pokorny et al. supplementary material

Pokorny et al. supplementary material

Download Pokorny et al. supplementary material(File)
File 24.4 KB