Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 May 2002
Although “the ties between women's rights movements and nonviolencehave been deep and enduring,” women's movements are not the onlymovements to rely upon nonviolent collective action. The Indiannationalist movement with Gandhi innovated with passive resistance;the U.S. black civil rights movement employed nonviolent civildisobedience as its major collective action; and peace andenvironmental movements in the 1980s and 1990s have employednonviolent tactics. The ties between women's movements andnonviolence, however, are notable insofar as nonviolent tacticspredominate in the collective action repertoires of women'smovements (Rucht forthcoming). Because nonviolent tactics prevail,they are more visibly connected to those movements.