The adoption of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 marked a watershed moment in the development of international humanitarian law (IHL). Seventy-five years later, international and non-international armed conflicts—including in Ethiopia, Russia and Ukraine, and Israel and Palestine—continue to rage around the world. The circumstances of conflict are also changing. Participation in conflict by non-state armed groups, private militaries, security companies, and mercenaries, as well as by sub-regional coalitions, is on the rise.