Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-5jtmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-09-01T08:41:24.401Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Missing Politics and Unsettled Science of the Trend Toward Earlier Puberty

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

Robert Hunt Sprinkle
Robert Hunt Sprinkle*
Affiliation:
University of Maryland, USA
*
Correspondence should be addressed to the School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA (e-mail: sprinkle@ umd.edu).
Get access

Abstract

The age of puberty in many populations has declined steeply over recent centuries and may be declining still. Consequently, today's children tend to experience the hormonal stresses of rapid development at younger ages than did their ancestors, around whose later, if not more gradual, maturation traditional behavioral expectations formed. Little has been made of this “rush to puberty” outside the life sciences. This article reviews its historical documentation, scholarly appreciation, epidemiological correlations, putative physiological and environmental explanations, sociological implications, and largely latent politics.

Information

Type
Articles
Information
Politics and the Life Sciences , Volume 20 , Issue 1 , March 2001 , pp. 43 - 66
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Adair, L.S. (2001). “Size at Birth Predicts Age at Menarche.” Pediatrics 107:E59.Google Scholar
Adam, C.L., Kyle, C.E., et al. (1995). “Influence of Prenatal Photoperiod on Postnatal Plasma Concentrations of Progesterone and Prolactin in Female Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) Reared in Constant Equatorial Photoperiod.” Journal of Pineal Research 18:77–83.Google Scholar
Adam, C.L. and Robinson, J.J. (1994). “The Role of Nutrition and Photoperiod in the Timing of Puberty.” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 53:89–102.Google Scholar
Agricultural Research Institute of Ontario, Canada (1977). “Effect of Light on Puberty in the Gilt.” Report of the Agricultural Research Institute of Ontario, April, 1 (31):18.Google Scholar
Albright, D.L., Voda, A.M., et al. (1990). “Seasonal Characteristics of and Age at Menarche.” Chronobiology International 7:251–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angold, A., Costello, E.J., et al. (1999). “Pubertal Changes in Hormone Levels and Depression in Girls.” Psychological Medicine 29:1043–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ankarberg, C. and Norjavaara, E. (1999). “Diurnal Rhythm of Testosterone Secretion before and throughout Puberty in Healthy Girls: Correlation with 17beta-Estradiol and Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84:975–84.Google Scholar
Apter, D., Reinila, M., et al. (1989). “Some Endocrine Characteristics of Early Menarche, a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer, Are Preserved into Adulthood.” International Journal of Cancer 44:783–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apter, D. and Vihko, R. (1983). “Early Menarche, a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer, Indicates Early Onset of Ovulatory Cycles.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 57:82–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Argetsinger, A. (1998). “Girl, 13, Marries into Controversy: Arundel Says It's Legal, But Critics Say It's Child Abuse.” Washington Post (September 29):A1.Google Scholar
Arslanian, S., Suprasongsin, C., et al. (1998). “Plasma Leptin in Children: Relationship to Puberty, Gender, Body Composition, Insulin Sensitivity, and Energy Expenditure.” Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 47:309–12.Google Scholar
Artaria, M.D. and Henneberg, M. (2000). “Why Did They Lie? Socio-Economic Bias in Reporting Menarcheal Age.” Annals of Human Biology 27:561–69.Google Scholar
Attallah, N.L. (1978). “Age at Menarche of Schoolgirls in Egypt.” Annals of Human Biology 5:185–89.Google Scholar
Balasuriya, S. and Fernando, M.A. (1988). “Seasonal Variation of Menarche in Sri Lanka.” Ceylon Medical Journal 33:105–9.Google Scholar
Baldwin, J.D. and Baldwin, J.I. (1997). “Gender Differences in Sexual Interest.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 26:181–210.Google Scholar
Baron, S., Battin, J., et al. (2000). “[Precocious Puberty in Children Adopted from Foreign Countries].” Archives of Pediatrics 7:809–16.Google Scholar
Bass, S., Bradney, M., et al. (2000). “Short Stature and Delayed Puberty in Gymnasts: Influence of Selection Bias on Leg Length and the Duration of Training on Trunk Length [see comments].” Journal of Pediatrics 136:149–55.Google Scholar
Baxter-Jones, A.D., Helms, P., et al. (1994). “Menarche in Intensively Trained Gymnasts, Swimmers and Tennis Players.” Annals of Human Biology 21:407–15.Google Scholar
Belkin, L. and Slota, G. (2000). “The Making of an 8-Year-Old Woman: How Do We Understand Early Puberty? Through the Prism of Our Times.” New York Times Magazine, December 24.Google Scholar
Berkey, C.S., Gardner, J.D., et al. (2000). “Relation of Childhood Diet and Body Size to Menarche and Adolescent Growth in Girls.” American Journal of Epidemiology 152:446–52.Google Scholar
Bidmon, H.J., Gutkowska, J., et al. (1991). “Vitamin D Receptors in Heart: Effects on Atrial Natriuretic Factor.” Experientia 47:958–62.Google Scholar
Biro, F.M., McMahon, R.P, et al. (2001). “Impact of Timing of Pubertal Maturation on Growth in Black and White Female Adolescents: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study.” Journal of Pediatrics 138:636–43.Google Scholar
Blanck, H.M., Marcus, M., et al. (2000). “Age at Menarche and Tanner Stage in Girls Exposed in Utero and Postnatally to Polybrominated Biphenyl.” Epidemiology 11:641–47.Google Scholar
Bojlen, K. and Bentzon, M.W. (1971). “Seasonal Variation in the Occurrence of Menarche in Copenhagen Girls.” Human Biology 43 (4):493–501.Google Scholar
Boldsen, J.L. (1992). “Season of Birth and Recalled Age at Menarche.” Journal of Biosocial Science 24:167–73.Google Scholar
Bona, G. and Marinello, D. (2000). “Precocious Puberty in Immigrant Children: Indications for Treatment.” Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 13 (Suppl 1):831–34.Google Scholar
Brener, N.D., Simon, T.R., et al. (1999). “Recent Trends in Violence-Related Behaviors among High School Students in the United States.” Journal of the American Medical Association 282:440–46.Google Scholar
Brooks-Gunn, J. and Warren, M.P. (1988). “Mother-Daughter Differences in Menarcheal Age in Adolescent Girls Attending National Dance Company Schools and Non-Dancers.” Annals of Human Biology 15:35–43.Google Scholar
Brooks-Gunn, J. and Warren, M.P. (1989). “Biological and Social Contributions to Negative Affect in Young Adolescent Girls.” Child Development 60:40–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brudevoll, J.E., Liestol, K., et al. (1979). “Menarcheal Age in Oslo during the Last 140 Years.” Annals of Human Biology 6:407–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brundtland, G.H. and Liestol, K. (1982). “Seasonal Variations in Menarche in Oslo.” Annals of Human Biology 9:35–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckley, T. (1988). “Menstruation and the Power of Yurok Women”. In Buckley, T and Gottlieb, A (eds.), Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Burger, J. and Gochfeld, M. (1985). “A Hypothesis on the Role of Pheromones on Age of Menarche.” Medical Hypotheses 17:39–46.Google Scholar
Cameron, N. and Nagdee, I. (1996). “Menarcheal Age in Two Generations of South African Indians.” Annals of Human Biology 23:113–19.Google Scholar
Campbell, B.C. and Udry, J.R. (1994). “Implications of Hormonal Influences on Sexual Behavior for Demographic Models of Reproduction.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 709:117–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, J. (1862). “On the Appearance of the Menses in Siamese Women.” Edinburgh Medical Journal 8:233–36.Google Scholar
Campbell, S.S. and Murphy, P.J. (1998). “Extraocular Circadian Phototransduction in Humans.” Science 279 (5349):396–99.Google Scholar
Mezzich, A. Castillo, Tarter, R.E., et al. (1997). “Substance Use and Risky Sexual Behavior in Female Adolescents.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence 44:157–66.Google Scholar
Cavallo, A. (1993). “Melatonin and Human Puberty: Current Perspectives.” Journal of Pineal Research 15:115–21.Google Scholar
Chehab, F.F. (2000). “Leptin as a Regulator of Adipose Mass and Reproduction.” Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 21:309–14.Google Scholar
Cheung, C.C., Thornton, J.E., et al. (2001). “A Reassessment of Leptin's Role in Triggering the Onset of Puberty in the Rat and Mouse.” Neuroendocrinology 74:12–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chompootaweep, S., Tankeyoon, M., et al. (1997). “Age at Menarche in Thai Girls.” Annals of Human Biology 24:427–33.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, S., Shahabuddin, A.K., et al. (2000). “Nutritional Status and Age at Menarche in a Rural Area of Bangladesh.” Annals of Human Biology 27:249–56.Google Scholar
Claessens, A. L., Malina, R.M., et al. (1992). “Growth and Menarcheal Status of Elite Female Gymnasts.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 24:755–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colon, I., Caro, D., et al. (2000). “Identification of Phthalate Esters in the Serum of Young Puerto Rican Girls with Premature Breast Development.” Environmental Health Perspectives 108:895–900.Google Scholar
Constant, M., Abrams, C.A., et al. (1993). “Gonadotropin-Associated Psychosis in Perimenstrual Behavior Disorder.” Hormone Research 40:141–44.Google Scholar
Crawford, J.D. and Osier, D.C. (1975). “Body Composition at Menarche: The Frisch-Revelle Hypothesis Revisited.” Pediatrics 56:449–58.Google Scholar
Criss, T.B. and Marcum, J.P. (1981). “A Lunar Effect on Fertility.” Social Biology 28:75–80.Google Scholar
Cutler, W.B., Schleidt, W.M., et al. (1987). “Lunar Influences on the Reproductive Cycle in Women.” Human Biology 59 (Dec):959–72.Google Scholar
Czeisler, C.A., Shanahan, T.L., et al. (1995). “Suppression of Melatonin Secretion in Some Blind Patients by Exposure to Bright Light.” New England Journal of Medicine 332:6–11.Google Scholar
Dann, T.C. and Roberts, D.F. (1993). “Menarcheal Age in University of Warwick Young Women.” Journal of Biosocial Science 25 (4):531–38.Google Scholar
Datta, B. and Gupta, D. (1981). “The Age of Menarche in Classical India.” Annals of Human Biology 8:351–59.Google Scholar
Davies, B.L. (1977). “Attitudes towards School among Early and Late Maturing Adolescent Girls.” Journal of Genetic Psychology 131 (2d Half):261–66.Google Scholar
Daw, S.F. (1970). “Age of Boys' Puberty in Leipzig, 1727–49, as Indicated by Voice Breaking in J.S. Bach's Choir Members.” Human Biology 42:87–89.Google Scholar
de Ridder, C.M., Thijssen, J.H., et al. (1991). “Dietary Habits, Sexual Maturation, and Plasma Hormones in Pubertal Girls: A Longitudinal Study [see comments].” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54:805–13.Google Scholar
Dewan, E.M. (1967). “On the Possibility of a Perfect Rhythm Method of Birth Control by Periodic Light Stimulation.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 99:1016–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewan, E.M., Menkin, M.F., et al. (1978). “Effect of Photic Stimulation on the Human Menstrual Cycle.” Photochemistry and Photobiology 27:581–85.Google Scholar
Dick, D.M., Rose, R.J., et al. (2000). “Pubertal Timing and Substance Use: Associations between and within Families across Late Adolescence.” Developmental Psychology 36:180–89.Google Scholar
Diez-Gonzalez, F., Callaway, T.R., et al. (1998). “Grain Feeding and the Dissemination of Acid-Resistant Escherichia coli from Cattle.” Science 281:1666–68.Google Scholar
Dorn, L.D., Hitt, S.F., et al. (1999). “Biopsychological and Cognitive Differences in Children with Premature vs. On-Time Adrenarche.” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 153:137–46.Google Scholar
Dornbusch, S.M., Carlsmith, J.M., et al. (1981). “Sexual Development, Age, and Dating: A Comparison of Biological and Social Influences upon One Set of Behaviors.” Child Development 52:179–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drigotas, S.M. and Udry, J.R. (1993). “Biosocial Models of Adolescent Problem Behavior: Extension to Panel Design.” Social Biology 40:1–7.Google Scholar
Dryja, T.P (1977). “Age at Menarche and Exposure to Light” [letter]. New England Journal of Medicine 297:512–13.Google Scholar
Ebling, F.J.P. and Foster, D.L. (1989). “Pineal Melatonin Rhythms and the Timing of Puberty in Mammals.” Experientia 45:946–54.Google Scholar
Edgardh, K. (2000). “Sexual Behaviour and Early Coitarche in a National Sample of 17 Year Old Swedish Girls.” Sexually Transmitted Infections 76:98–102.Google Scholar
Ellis, B.J. and Garber, J. (2000). “Psychosocial Antecedents of Variation in Girls' Pubertal Timing: Maternal Depression, Stepfather Presence, and Marital and Family Stress.” Child Development 71:485–501.Google Scholar
Ellis, B.J., McFadyen-Ketchum, S., et al. (1999). “Quality of Early Family Relationships and Individual Differences in the Timing of Pubertal Maturation in Girls: A Longitudinal Test of an Evolutionary Model.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77:387–401.Google Scholar
Enright, W.J., Zinn, S.A., et al. (1995). “The Effect of Supplementary Light on Winter Performance of Prepubertal and Postpubertal Friesian Heifers.” Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 34:107–13.Google Scholar
Fauconneau, B. and Gauthier, D. (1984). “Influence of 4 Hours Supplemental Lighting on Growth and Occurrence of Puberty in Creole Heifers Bred in a Tropical Country.” Tropical Animal Production 9:81–85.Google Scholar
Fellmann, N., Bedu, M., et al. (1988). “Anaerobic Metabolism during Pubertal Development at High Altitude.” Journal of Applied Physiology 64:1382–86.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, J.W., Von Eye, A., et al. (1994). “The Relationship between Aggressive Behavior and Puberty in Normal Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Adolescent Health 15:319–26.Google Scholar
Fischbein, S. (1977). “Onset of Puberty in MX and DZ Twins.” Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae 26:151–58.Google Scholar
Fischer, D.H. (1989). Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Flannery, D.J., Rowe, D.C., et al. (1993). “Impact of Pubertal Status, Timing, and Age on Adolescent Sexual Experience and Delinquency.” Journal of Adolescent Research 8:21–40.Google Scholar
Foster, D.L., Ebling, F.J.P., et al. (1988). “Timing of Puberty by Photoperiod.” Reproduction, Nutrition, Development 28:349–64.Google Scholar
Foster, D.L. and Nagatani, S. (1999). “Physiological Perspectives on Leptin as a Regulator of Reproduction: Role in Timing Puberty. [Review] [69 refs].” Biology of Reproduction 60:205–15.Google Scholar
Freedman, M.S., Lucas, R.J., et al. (1999). “Regulation of Mammalian Circadian Behavior by Non-Rod, Non-Cone, Ocular Photoreceptors [see comments].” Science 284 (5413):502–4.Google Scholar
Frisch, R.E. (1976). “Fatness of Girls from Menarche to Age 18 Years, with a Nomogram.” Human Biology 48:353–59.Google Scholar
Frisch, R.E. and McArthur, J.W. (1974). “Menstrual Cycles: Fatness as a Determinant of Minimum Weight for Height Necessary for their Maintenance or Onset.” Science 185 (4155):949–51.Google Scholar
Gallo, P.G. (1977). “The Age at Menarche in Some Populations of the Veneto, North Italy.” Annals of Human Biology 4:179–81.Google Scholar
Garcia-Mayor, R.V., Andrade, M.A., et al. (1997). “Serum Leptin Levels in Normal Children: Relationship to Age, Gender, Body Mass Index, Pituitary-Gonadal Hormones, and Pubertal Stage.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 82:2849–55.Google Scholar
Garn, S.M., LaVelle, M., et al. (1983). “Comparisons of Fatness in Premenarcheal and Postmenarcheal Girls of the Same Age.” Journal of Pediatrics 103:328–31.Google Scholar
Garn, S.M., LaVelle, M., et al. (1986). “Maturational Timing as a Factor in Female Fatness and Obesity.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 43:879–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ge, X., Conger, R.D., et al. (1996). “Coming of Age Too Early: Pubertal Influences on Girls' Vulnerability to Psychological Distress.” Child Development 67:3386–400.Google Scholar
Georgopoulos, N., Markou, K., et al. (1999). “Growth and Pubertal Development in Elite Female Rhythmic Gymnasts.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84:4525–30.Google Scholar
Gladen, B.C., Ragan, N.B., et al. (2000). “Pubertal Growth and Development and Prenatal and Lactational Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethene.” Journal of Pediatrics 136:490–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzales, G.F. and Villena, A. (1996). “Body Mass Index and Age at Menarche in Peruvian Children Living at High Altitude and at Sea Level.” Human Biology 68:265–75.Google Scholar
Gorman, C. (2000). “Growing Pains. What Happens when Puberty Comes Too Soon in Your Child—and What You Can Do about It.” Time 156(8):84.Google Scholar
Graber, J.A., Lewinsohn, P.M., et al. (1997). “Is Psychopathology Associated with the Timing of Pubertal Development?” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36:1768–76.Google Scholar
Graham, M.J., Larsen, U., et al. (1999). “Secular Trend in Age at Menarche in China: A Case Study of Two Rural Counties in Anhui Province.” Journal of Biosocial Science 31:257–67.Google Scholar
Grizelj, V. (1975). “[Menarche in Zagreb girls, the Earliest in Europe].” Lijecnicki Vjesnik 97:422–24.Google Scholar
Groos, A.D. and Smith, T.A. (1992). “Age at Menarche and Associated Nutritional Status Variables in Karimui and Daribi Census Divisions of Simbu Province.” Papua New Guinea Medical Journal 35:84–94.Google Scholar
Gueresi, P. (1997). “Monthly Distribution of Menarche in Three Provinces of North Italy.” Annals of Human Biology 24:157–68.Google Scholar
Guillon, P., Guillon, D., et al. (1986). “[Births, Fertility, Rhythms and Lunar Cycle. A Statistical Study of 5,927,978 Births].” Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction (Paris) 15:265–71.Google Scholar
Hagg, U. and Taranger, J. (1980). “Menarche and Voice Change as Indicators of the Pubertal Growth Spurt.” Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 38:179–86.Google Scholar
Halpern, C.T., Udry, J.R., et al. (1993). “Testosterone and Pubertal Development as Predictors of Sexual Activity: A Panel Analysis of Adolescent Males.” Psychosomatic Medicine 55:436–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halpern, C.T., Udry, J.R., et al. (1994). “Testosterone and Religiosity as Predictors of Sexual Attitudes and Activity among Adolescent Males: A Biosocial Model.” Journal of Biosocial Science 26:217–34.Google Scholar
Halpern, C.T., Udry, J.R., et al. (1997). “Testosterone Predicts Initiation of Coitus in Adolescent Females.” Psychosomatic Medicine 59:161–71.Google Scholar
Halpern, C.T., Udry, J.R., et al. (1998). “Monthly Measures of Salivary Testosterone Predict Sexual Activity in Adolescent Males.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 27:445–65.Google Scholar
Hansen, P.J., Kamwanja, L.A., et al. (1983). “Photoperiod Influences Age at Puberty of Heifers.” Journal of Animal Science 57:985–92.Google Scholar
Hata, E. and Aoki, K. (1990). “Age at Menarche and Selected Menstrual Characteristics in Young Japanese Athletes.” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 61:178–83.Google Scholar
Hayward, C., Gotlib, I.H., et al. (1999). “Ethnic Differences in the Association between Pubertal Status and Symptoms of Depression in Adolescent Girls.” Journal of Adolescent Health 25:143–49.Google Scholar
Hayward, C., Killen, J.D., et al. (1992). “Pubertal Stage and Panic Attack History in Sixth- and Seventh-Grade Girls.” American Journal of Psychiatry 149:1239–43.Google Scholar
Hebbelinck, M., Clarys, P., et al. (1999). “Growth, Development, and Physical Fitness of Flemish Vegetarian Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70 (3 Suppl):579S–85S.Google Scholar
Heger, S., Partsch, C.J., et al. (1999). “Serum Leptin Levels in Patients with Progressive Central Precocious Puberty.” Pediatric Research 46:71–75.Google Scholar
Helm, P. and Grolund, L. (1998). “A Halt in the Secular Trend towards Earlier Menarche in Denmark.” Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 77:198–200.Google Scholar
Helm, P. and Lidegaard, O. (1990). “The Relationship between Menarche And Sexual, Contraceptive, and Reproductive Life Events.” Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 8:59–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman-Giddens, M.E., Slora, E.J., et al. (1997). “Secondary Sexual Characteristics and Menses in Young Girls Seen in Office Practice: A Study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network [see comments].” Pediatrics 99:505–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillman, R.W., Slater, P., et al. (1970). “Season of Birth, Parental Age, Menarcheal Age and Body Form: Some Inter-Relationships in Young Women.” Human Biology 42:570–80.Google Scholar
Honaramooz, A., Cook, S.J., et al. (1999). “Nitric Oxide Regulation of Gonadotrophin Secretion in Prepubertal Heifers1.” Journal of Neuroendocrinology 11:667–76.Google Scholar
Hoult, T.F. (1983). “Human Sexuality in Biological Perspective: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations.” Journal of Homosexuality 9:137–55.Google Scholar
Huen, K.F., Leung, S.S., et al. (1997). “Secular Trend in the Sexual Maturation of Southern Chinese Girls.” Acta Paediatrica 86:1121–24.Google Scholar
Hulanicka, B. and Waliszko, A. (1991). “Deceleration of Age at Menarche in Poland.” Annals of Human Biology 18:507–13.Google Scholar
Iampol'skaia, I.A. (2000). “[Physical Development of Moscow's Schoolchildren during the Past Decade].” Gigiena i Sanitariia (1):65–68.Google Scholar
Ibanez, L., Ferrer, A., et al. (2000). “Early Puberty: Rapid Progression and Reduced Final Height in Girls with Low Birth Weight.” Pediatrics 106:E72.Google Scholar
Ito, M., Yamada, M., et al. (1995). “Relation of Early Menarche to High Bone Mineral Density.” Calcified Tissue International 57:11–14.Google Scholar
Jafarey, N.A., Khan, M.Y., et al. (1970). “Role of Artificial Lighting in Decreasing the Age of Menarche.” Lancet 2:471.Google Scholar
Jafarey, N.A., Khan, M.Y., et al. (1971). “Effect of Artificial Lighting on the Age of Menarche.” Lancet 1:707.Google Scholar
Jakic, M. and Prebeg, Z. (1994). “[Evaluation of Genetic Factors in the Variability of Menarche].” Lijecnicki Vjesnik 116:123–27.Google Scholar
James, W.H. (1973). “Age at Menarch, Family Size, and Birth Order.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 116:292–93.Google Scholar
Jaruratanasirikul, S., Mo-suwan, L., et al. (1997). “Growth Pattern and Age at Menarche of Obese Girls in a Transitional Society.” Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 10:487–90.Google Scholar
Jensen, T.K., Toppari, J., et al. (1995). “Do Environmental Estrogens Contribute to the Decline in Male Reproductive Health?” Clinical Chemistry 41 (12 Pt 2):1896–1901.Google Scholar
Ji, C.Y. (2001). “Age at Spermarche and Comparison of Growth and Performance of Pre- and Post-Spermarcheal Chinese Boys.” American Journal of Human Biology 13:35–43.Google Scholar
Jongbloet, P.H. (1983). “Menses and Moon Phases, Ovulation and Seasons, Vitality and Month of Birth.” Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 25:527–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonsson, E., Johnsson, J.I., et al. (1996). “Growth Hormone Increases Predation Exposure of Rainbow Trout.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London — Series B: Biological Sciences 263 (1370):647–51.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, J. Jordan, Agua, A. Bebel, et al. (1980). “[Puberal Development in Cuban Adolescents].” Boletin Medico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico 37:619–30.Google Scholar
Kac, G., de Santa Cruz, C. Auxiliadora, et al. (2000). “Secular Trend in Age at Menarche for Women Born between 1920 and 1979 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.” Annals of Human Biology 27:423–28.Google Scholar
Kadlubar, F.F., Berkowitz, G.S., et al. (2001). “The Putative High Activity Variant, CYP3A4∗1B, Predicts the Onset of Puberty in Young Girls.” American Association for Cancer Research, 92nd Annual Meeting, March 24–28, New Orleans, LA.Google Scholar
Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rimpela, M., et al. (2001). “Early Puberty and Early Sexual Activity Are Associated with Bulimic-Type Eating Pathology in Middle Adolescence.” Journal of Adolescent Health Care 28:346–52.Google Scholar
Kaplowitz, P.B. and Oberfield, S.E. (1999). “Reexamination of the Age Limit for Defining When Puberty Is Precocious in Girls in the United States: Implications for Evaluation and Treatment. Drug and Therapeutics and Executive Committees of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society [see comments]. [Review] [27 refs].” Pediatrics 104 (4 Pt 1):936–41.Google Scholar
Kaprio, J., Rimpela, A., et al. (1995). “Common Genetic Influences on BMI and Age at Menarche.” Human Biology 67:739–53.Google Scholar
Kauppila, A., Pakarinen, A., et al. (1987). “The Effect of Season on the Circulating Concentrations of Anterior Pituitary, Ovarian and Adrenal Cortex Hormones and Hormone Binding Proteins in the Subarctic Area; Evidence of Increased Activity of the Pituitary-Ovarian Axis in Spring.” Gynecological Endocrinology 1:137–50.Google Scholar
Kellogg, J.H. (1927). Light Therapeutics: A Practical Manual of Phototherapy for the Student and the Practitioner. Battle Creek, Ml: The Modern Medicine Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Khan, A.D., Schroeder, D.G., et al. (1995). “Age at Menarche and Nutritional Supplementation.” Journal of Nutrition 125 (4 Suppl):1090S–96S.Google Scholar
Kiess, W., Reich, A., et al. (1999). “A Role for Leptin in Sexual Maturation and Puberty?” Hormone Research 51 (Suppl 3):55–63.Google Scholar
Kirchengast, S., Gruber, D., et al. (1998). “Impact of the Age at Menarche on Adult Body Composition in Healthy Pre- and Postmenopausal Women.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 105:9–20.Google Scholar
Koff, E. and Rierdan, J. (1993). “Advanced Pubertal Development and Eating Disturbance in Early Adolescent Girls.” Journal of Adolescent Health 14:433–39.Google Scholar
Kolata, G. (2001). “2 Endocrinology Groups Raise Doubt on Earlier Onset of Girls' Puberty.” New York Times (March 3):A10.Google Scholar
Koo, M.M. and Rohan, T.E. (1997). “Accuracy of Short-Term Recall of Age at Menarche.” Annals of Human Biology 24:61–64.Google Scholar
Kripke, D.F. (1993). “Light Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle”. In Wetterberg, L. (ed.), Light and Biological Rhythms in Man. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Krstevska-Konstantinova, M., Charlier, C., et al. (2001). “Sexual Precocity after Immigration from Developing Countries to Belgium: Evidence of Previous Exposure to Organochlorine Pesticides.” Human Reproduction 16:1020–26.Google Scholar
Laitinen-Krispijn, S., van der Ende, J., et al. (1999a). “Pubertal Maturation and the Development of Behavioural and Emotional Problems in Early Adolescence.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 99:16–25.Google Scholar
Laitinen-Krispijn, S., van der Ende, J., et al. (1999b). “The Role of Pubertal Progress in the Development of Depression in Early Adolescence.” Journal of Affective Disorders 54:211–15.Google Scholar
Larriuz-Serrano, M.C., Perez-Cardona, C.M., et al. (2001). “Natural History and Incidence of Premature Thelarche in Puerto Rican girls Aged 6 Months to 8 Years Diagnosed between 1990 and 1995.” Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal 20:13–8.Google Scholar
Larsen, S.B. and Kragstrup, J. (1997). “[Age at Menarche and First Sexual Intercourse. A Cross-Sectional Study of 17-Year Old Danish Women].” Ugeskrift for Laeger 159:6676–79.Google Scholar
Laska-Mierzejewska, T. (1970). “Morphological and Developmental Difference between Negro and White Cuban Youths.” Human Biology 42:581–97.Google Scholar
Law, S.P. (1986). “The Regulation of Menstrual Cycle and Its Relationship to the Moon.” Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 65:45–48.Google Scholar
Lee, K.H. (1986). “Influence of Supplemental Lighting on Pubertal Development in Boars.” Dissertation Abstracts International B Sciences and Engineering 47:92.Google Scholar
Lee, P.A., Guo, S.S., et al. (2001). “Age of Puberty: Data from the United States of America.” Apmis 109:81–88.Google Scholar
Lee, P.A., Kulin, H.E., et al. (2001). “Age of Puberty among Girls and the Diagnosis of Precocious Puberty.” Pediatrics 107:1493.Google Scholar
Liestol, K. (1982). “Social Conditions and Menarcheal Age: The Importance of Early Years of Life.” Annals of Human Biology 9:521–37.Google Scholar
Liestol, K. and Rosenberg, M. (1995). “Height, Weight and Menarcheal Age of Schoolgirls in Oslo—An Update.” Annals of Human Biology 22:199–205.Google Scholar
Lopez de Blanco, M., de Espinoza, I., et al. (1999). “[Early Maturation: A Risk Factor of Overweight and Obesity during Puberty?]. [Spanish].” Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion 49:13–19.Google Scholar
Lorentzon, M., Lorentzon, R., et al. (2000). “Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphism Is Associated with Birth Height, Growth to Adolescence, and Adult Stature in Healthy Caucasian Men: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85:1666–70.Google Scholar
Lucas, R.J., Freedman, M.S., et al. (1999). “Regulation of the Mammalian Pineal by Non-Rod, Non-Cone, Ocular Photoreceptors [see comments].” Science 284 (5413):505–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luker, K. (1996). Dubious Conceptions: The Politics of Teenage Pregnancy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Maclure, M., Travis, L.B., et al. (1991). “A Prospective Cohort Study of Nutrient Intake and Age at Menarche.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54:649–56.Google Scholar
MacMahon, B., Trichopoulos, D., et al. (1982a). “Age at Menarche, Probability of Ovulation and Breast Cancer Risk.” International Journal of Cancer 29:13–16.Google Scholar
MacMahon, B., Trichopoulos, D., et al. (1982b). “Age at Menarche, Urine Estrogens and Breast Cancer Risk.” International Journal of Cancer 30:427–31.Google Scholar
Magee, K., Basinska, J., et al. (1970). “Blindness and Menarche.” Life Sciences 9:7–12.Google Scholar
Magnusson, C. (2001). “Adolescent Girls' Sexual Attitudes and Opposite-Sex Relations in 1970 and in 1996.” Journal of Adolescent Health Care 28:242–52.Google Scholar
Mahone, J.P., Berger, T., et al. (1979). “Photoinduction of Puberty in Boars during Naturally Occurring Short Day Length.” Journal of Animal Science 48:1159–64.Google Scholar
Malina, R.M. (1983). “Menarche in Athletes: A Synthesis and Hypothesis.” Annals of Human Biology 10:1–24.Google Scholar
Malina, R.M., Bouchard, C., et al. (1979). “Age at Menarche, Family Size, and Birth Order in Athletes at the Montreal Olympic Games, 1976.” Medicine and Science in Sports 11:354–8.Google Scholar
Malina, R.M., Katzmarzyk, P.T., et al. (1997). “Family Size and Age at Menarche in Athletes.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29:99–106.Google Scholar
Malina, R.M., Ryan, R.C., et al. (1994). “Age at Menarche in Athletes and Their Mothers and Sisters.” Annals of Human Biology 21:417–22.Google Scholar
Mantzoros, C.S., Flier, J.S., et al. (1997). “A Longitudinal Assessment of Hormonal and Physical Alterations during Normal Puberty in Boys. V. Rising Leptin Levels May Signal the Onset of Puberty.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 82:1066–70.Google Scholar
Marti-Henneberg, C. and Vizmanos, B. (1997). “The Duration of Puberty In Girls Is Related to the Timing of Its Onset.” Journal of Pediatrics 131:618–21.Google Scholar
Martin, A.D., Bailey, D.A., et al. (1997). “Bone Mineral and Calcium Accretion during Puberty.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66:611–15.Google Scholar
Matejek, N., Weimann, E., et al. (1999). “Hypoleptinaemia in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa and in Elite Gymnasts with Anorexia Athletica.” International Journal of Sports Medicine 20:451–56.Google Scholar
Matkovic, V., Ilich, J.Z., et al. (1997). “Leptin Is Inversely Related to Age at Menarche in Human Females.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 82:3239–45.Google Scholar
McClintock, M.K. (1971). “Menstrual Synchrony and Suppression.” Nature 229:244–45.Google Scholar
McCord, J. (1996). “Considerations Regarding Biosocial Foundations of Personality and Aggression.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 794:253–55.Google Scholar
Meek, L.R., Lee, T.M., et al. (1995). “Interaction of Maternal Photoperiod History and Food Type on Growth and Reproductive Development of Laboratory Meadow Voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus).” Physiology and Behavior 57:905–11.Google Scholar
Meiners-Gefken, M., Schmidt-Baulain, R., et al. (1988). “Advancement of Puberty in Female Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) by Light Program and Water Temperature.” 11th International Congress on Animal Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, University College Dublin, Ireland, June 2(46).Google Scholar
Menaker, W. and Menaker, A. (1959). “Lunar Periodicity in Human Reproduction: A Likely Unit of Biological Time.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 77:905–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, F., Moisan, J., et al. (1990). “Dietary and Physical Determinants of Menarche [see comments].” Epidemiology 1:377–81.Google Scholar
Meyer, J.M., Eaves, L.J., et al. (1991). “Estimating Genetic Influences on the Age-At-Menarche: A Survival Analysis Approach.” American Journal of Medical Genetics 39:148–54.Google Scholar
Millar, R.P., Zhu, Y.F., et al. (2000). “Progress towards the Development of Non-Peptide Orally-Active Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Antagonists: Therapeutic Implications.” British Medical Bulletin 56:761–72.Google Scholar
Miura, T., Shimura, M., et al. (1979). “[Seasonal Variation of Menarche and Month of Birth (author's transl)].” Arztliche Jugendkunde 70:37–40.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T.E., Caspi, A., et al. (1992). “Childhood Experience and the Onset of Menarche: A Test of a Sociobiological Model [published erratum appears in Child Dev 1993 Aug;64(4):following table of contents].” Child Development 63:47–58.Google Scholar
Molina, J.A. (1983). “Understanding the Biopsychosocial Model.” International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 13:29–36.Google Scholar
Morris, N.M. and Udry, J.R. (1978). “Pheromonal Influences on Human Sexual Behavior: An Experimental Search.” Journal of Biosocial Science 10:147–57.Google Scholar
Mucci, L.A., Kuper, H.E., et al. (2001). “Age at Menarche and Age at Menopause in Relation to Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Women.” BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 108:291–94.Google Scholar
Musiol, I.M., Stumpf, W.E., et al. (1992). “Vitamin D Nuclear Binding to Neurons of the Septal, Substriatal and Amygdaloid Area in the Siberian Hamster (Phodopus sungorus) brain.” Neuroscience 48:841–48.Google Scholar
Nakamura, I., Harada, C., et al. (1993). “Latent Menstrual Cycle in Pre-Menarcheal Monozygotic Twins.” Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae 42:295–97.Google Scholar
Nelson, D.A., Vord, P.J. Vande, et al. (2000). “Polymorphism in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene and Bone Mass in African-American and White Mothers and Children: A Preliminary Report.” Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 59:626–30.Google Scholar
Nottelmann, E.D., Susman, E.J., et al. (1987). “Developmental Processes in Early Adolescence: Relationships between Adolescent Adjustment Problems and Chronologic Age, Pubertal Stage, and Puberty-Related Serum Hormone Levels.” Journal of Pediatrics 110:473–80.Google Scholar
Odem, M.E. (1995). Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885–1920. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Oduntan, S.O., Ayeni, O., et al. (1976). “The Age of Menarche in Nigerian Girls.” Annals of Human Biology 3:269–74.Google Scholar
Okasha, M., McCarron, P., et al. (2001). “Age at Menarche: Secular Trends and Association with Adult Anthropometric Measures.” Annals of Human Biology 28:63–78.Google Scholar
Olesen, A.W., Jeune, B., et al. (2000). “A Continuous Decline in Menarcheal Age in Denmark.” Annals of Human Biology 27:377–86.Google Scholar
Orr, D.P. and Ingersoll, G.M. (1995). “The Contribution of Level of Cognitive Complexity and Pubertal Timing to Behavioral Risk in Young Adolescents.” Pediatrics 95:528–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odor, S.C. and Pandey, A. (1999). “Adolescent Transition to Coitus and Premarital Childbearing in Sudan: A Biosocial Context.” Journal of Biosocial Science 31:361–74.Google Scholar
Outila, T.A., Karkkainen, M.U., et al. (2001). “Vitamin D Status Affects Serum Parathyroid Hormone Concentrations during Winter in Female Adolescents: Associations with Forearm Bone Mineral Density.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74:206–10.Google Scholar
Overpeck, J.T. (1998). “How Unprecedented Is Recent Arctic Warming: A Look Back to the Medieval Warm Period.” American Geophysical Union 1998 Fall Meeting, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Palmer, J.D., Udry, J.R., et al. (1982). “Diurnal and Weekly, but No Lunar Rhythms in Humans Copulation.” Human Biology 54:111–21.Google Scholar
Papadimitriou, A., Gousia, E., et al. (1999). “Age at Menarche in Greek Girls.” Annals of Human Biology 26:175–77.Google Scholar
Paterson, A.M. and Pearce, G.P. (1989). “Long Days Delay Puberty in the Gilt.” Manipulating Pig Production II. Proceedings of the Biennial Conference of the Australasian Pig Science Association.Google Scholar
Pedersen, W., Mastekaasa, A., et al. (2001). “Conduct Problems and Early Cannabis Initiation: A Longitudinal Study of Gender Differences.” Addiction 96:415–31.Google Scholar
Peltola, J., Andersson, M.A., et al. (2001). “Toxic-Metabolite-Producing Bacteria and Fungus in an Indoor Environment.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67:3269–74.Google Scholar
Perez-Delgado, M.M., Bidmon, H.J., et al. (1993). “Vitamin D (soltriol) Target Cells in the Harderian Gland of the Siberian Hamster (Phodopus sungorus).” Acta Anatomica 147:174–77.Google Scholar
Petersen, A.C. and Crockett, L.J. (1992). “Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Child Rearing: Developmental Perspectives”. In Rosenheim, M.K. and Testa, M.F. (eds.), Early Parenthood and Coming of Age in the 1990s. New Brunswick, Ct: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Potts, M. and Short, R. (1999). “Ever Since Adam and Eve: The Evolution of Human Sexuality”. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Proos, L.A., Hofvander, Y., et al. (1991). “Menarcheal Age and Growth Pattern of Indian Girls Adopted in Sweden. I. Menarcheal Age.” Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 80:852–58.Google Scholar
Pusey, A., Williams, J., et al. (1997). “The Influence of Dominance Rank on the Reproductive Success of Female Chimpanzees.” Science 277 (5327):828–31.Google Scholar
Raboch, J. Jr., Raboch, J., et al. (1993). “[Menarche, Orgasmic Capacity and Coitarche].” Zentralblatt fur Gynakologie 115:374–77.Google Scholar
Reiter, R.J. (1998). “Melatonin and Human Reproduction.” Annals of Medicine 30:103–8.Google Scholar
Resnick, M.D., Bearman, P.S., et al. (1997). “Protecting Adolescents from Harm. Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health [see comments].” Journal of the American Medical Association 278:823–32.Google Scholar
Richardson, B.D., Laing, P.M., et al. (1983). “The Bearing of Diverse Patterns of Diet on Growth and Menarche in Four Ethnic Groups of South African Girls.” Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 86:5–12.Google Scholar
Richter, J. (1990). “[Results of Long-Term Studies of the Development of Children in Goerlitz in the Last 3 Decades].” Anthropologischer Anzeiger 48:247–53.Google Scholar
Rieder, J. and Coupey, S.M. (1999). “Update on Pubertal Development. [Review] [14 refs].” Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 11:457–62.Google Scholar
Rimer, S. (2001). “States Adjust Adult Prisons to Needs of Youth Inmates.” New York Times (July 25):A1.Google Scholar
Ringuet, H., Pelletier, G., et al. (1994). “Long-Term Effects of Human Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone and Photoperiod on Hormone Release and Puberty in Dairy Heifers.” Journal of Animal Science 72:2709–17.Google Scholar
Risquez, F. and Lopez-Herrera, L. (1992). “[Effect of the Father-Daughter Relationship on the Morphological Development of the Mammary Glands].” Investigacion Clinica 33:137–45.Google Scholar
Roberts, D.F., Chinn, S., et al. (1977). “A Study of Menarcheal Age in India.” Annals of Human Biology 4:171–77.Google Scholar
Roberts, D.F. and Dann, T.C. (1975). “A 12-Year Study of Menarcheal Age.” British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine 29:31–39.Google Scholar
Roberts, D.F., Danskin, M.J., et al. (1975). “Menarcheal Age in Northumberland.” Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 64:845–52.Google Scholar
Roberts, D.F., Wood, W., et al. (1986). “Menarcheal Age in Cumbria.” Annals of Human Biology 13:161–70.Google Scholar
Roche, J.F. and Enright, W.J. (1988). “Photoperiodic Effects on Cattle Growth and Reproduction.” Technical Report Dairy Research Unit, University College of North Wales 4:16–19.Google Scholar
Rodgers, J.L. and Buster, M. (1994). “Seasonality of Menarche among U.S. Females: Correlates and Linkages.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 709:196.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, M. (1991). “Menarcheal Age for Norwegian Women Born 1830–1960.” Annals of Human Biology 18:207–19.Google Scholar
Rosenfield, R.L., Bachrach, L.K., et al. (2000). “Current Age of Onset of Puberty.” Pediatrics 106:622–23.Google Scholar
Rubin, R.T., Reinisch, J.M., et al. (1981). “Postnatal Gonadal Steroid Effects on Human Behavior.” Science 211 (4488):1318–24.Google Scholar
Safe, S.H. (1995). “Environmental and Dietary Estrogens and Human Health: Is There a Problem? [see comments].” Environmental Health Perspectives 103:346–51.Google Scholar
Salces, I., Rebato, E.M., et al. (2001). “Familial Resemblance for the Age at Menarche in Basque Population.” Annals of Human Biology 28:143–56.Google Scholar
Sanchez, A., Kissinger, D.G., et al. (1981). “A Hypothesis on the Etiological Role of Diet on Age of Menarche.” Medical Hypotheses 7:1339–45.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Andres, A. (1997). “Genetic and Environmental Factors Affecting Menarcheal Age in Spanish Women.” Anthropologischer Anzeiger 55:69–78.Google Scholar
Sandler, D.P., Wilcox, A.J., et al. (1984). “Age at Menarche and Subsequent Reproductive Events.” American Journal of Epidemiology 119:765–74.Google Scholar
Schaal, B., Tremblay, R.E., et al. (1996). “Male Testosterone Linked to High Social Dominance but Low Physical Aggression in Early Adolescence.” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35:1322–30.Google Scholar
Schleicher, G., Privette, T.H., et al. (1989). “Distribution of Soltriol [1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3] Binding Sites in Male Sex Organs of the Mouse: An Autoradiographic Study.” Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 37:1083–86.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, E.R., Overton, D.E., et al. (1956). “Newburgh-Kingston Caries-Fluorine Study XIII. Pediatric Findings after Ten Years.” Journal of the American Dental Association 52 (March):296–306.Google Scholar
Sharpe, R.M. and Skakkebaek, N.E. (1993). “Are Oestrogens Involved in Falling Sperm Counts and Disorders of the Male Reproductive Tract? [see comments].” Lancet 341:1392–95.Google Scholar
Shelton, D.L. (2000). “When Should Puberty Be Suppressed? Physicians Increasingly Must Decide When to Medically Delay Puberty in Girls. Some Cases Are Clear-Cut, but Many Fall into a Controversial Gray Area.” American Medical News (August 28).Google Scholar
Shimura, M. and Miura, T. (1980). “[Secular Change in the Seasonal Distribution of Menarche in Tokyo].” Arztliche Jugendkunde 71:365–68.Google Scholar
Silvotti, L., Montani, G., and Tirindelli, R. (2003). “How Mammals Detect Pheromones.” Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 26 (3 Suppl):49–53.Google Scholar
Simondon, K.B., Simon, I., et al. (1997). “Nutritional Status and Age at Menarche of Senegalese Adolescents.” Annals of Human Biology 24:521–32.Google Scholar
Singh, H.D. (1972). “Family Size and Age of Menarche.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 114:837–38.Google Scholar
Skutsch, G.M. (1970). “Role of Artificial Lighting in Decreasing the Age of Menarche.” Lancet 2:571.Google Scholar
Smith, E.A. and Udry, J.R. (1985). “Coital and Non-Coital Sexual Behaviors of White and Black Adolescents.” American Journal of Public Health 75:1200–1203.Google Scholar
Sprinkle, R.H. (1994). Profession of Conscience: The Making and Meaning of Life-Sciences Liberalism. Princeton, N J: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Sprynarova, S. (1987). “The Influence of Training on Physical and Functional Growth before, during and after Puberty.” European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 56:719–24.Google Scholar
Stager, J.M. and Hatler, L.K. (1988). “Menarche in Athletes: The Influence of Genetics and Prepubertal Training.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 20:369–73.Google Scholar
Stager, J.M., Robertshaw, D., et al. (1984). “Delayed Menarche in Swimmers in Relation to Age at Onset of Training and Athletic Performance.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 16:550–55.Google Scholar
Stager, J.M., Wigglesworth, J.K., et al. (1990). “Interpreting the Relationship between Age of Menarche and Prepubertal Training.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22:54–58.Google Scholar
Stanhope, R. and Brook, C.G. (1988). “An Evaluation of Hormonal Changes at Puberty in Man.” Journal of Endocrinology 116:301–5.Google Scholar
Staszewski, J. (1971). “Age at Menarche and Breast Cancer.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 47:935–40.Google Scholar
Steckel, R.H. (1979). “Slave Height Profiles from Coastwise Manifests.” Explorations in Economic History 16:363–80.Google Scholar
Stephan, P. (1990). “[Age at Menarche and Age at Marriage in Earlier Centuries].” Arztliche Jugendkunde 81:41–54.Google Scholar
Stepp, L.S. (2000). “New Study Questions Teen Risk Factors.” Washington Post (November 30): A01.Google Scholar
Stern, K. and McClintock, M.K. (1998). “Regulation of Ovulation by Human Pheromones.” Nature 392 (March 12):177–79.Google Scholar
Strom, B.L., Schinnar, R., et al. (2001). “Exposure to Soy-Based Formula in Infancy and Endocrinological and Reproductive Outcomes in Young Adulthood.” Journal of the American Medical Association 286:807–14.Google Scholar
Stumpf, W.E. (1988a). “The Endocrinology of Sunlight and Darkness. Complementary Roles of Vitamin D and Pineal Hormones.” Naturwissenschaften 75:247–51.Google Scholar
Stumpf, W.E. (1988b). “Vitamin D—Soltriol the Heliogenic Steroid Hormone: Somatotrophic Activator and Modulator. Discoveries from Histochemical Studies Lead to New Concepts.” Histochemistry 89:209–19.Google Scholar
Stumpf, W.E. (1990). “Steroid Hormones and the Cardiovascular System: Direct Actions of Estradiol, Progesterone, Testosterone, Gluco- and Mineralcorticoids, and Soltriol [Vitamin D] on Central Nervous Regulatory and Peripheral Tissues.” Experientia 46:13–25.Google Scholar
Stumpf, W.E., Bidmon, H.J., et al. (1990). “Sites of Action of Soltriol (Vitamin D) in Hamster Spleen, Thymus, and Lymph Node, Studied by Autoradiography.” Histochemistry 94:121–5.Google Scholar
Stumpf, W.E., Bidmon, H.J., et al. (1992). “Nuclear Receptor Sites for Vitamin D-Soltriol in Midbrain and Hindbrain of Siberian Hamster (Phodopus sungorus) assessed by autoradiography.” Histochemistry 98:155–64.Google Scholar
Stumpf, W.E. and Denny, M.E. (1989). “Vitamin D (Soltriol), Light, and Reproduction.” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 161:1375–84.Google Scholar
Stumpf, W.E., Perez-Delgado, M.M., et al. (1993). “Vitamin D3 (Soltriol) Nuclear Receptors in Abdominal Scent Gland and Skin of Siberian Hamster (Phodopus sungorus) localized by autoradiography and immunohistochemistry.” Histochemistry 100:115–19.Google Scholar
Stumpf, W.E. and Privette, T.H. (1989). “Light, Vitamin D and Psychiatry. Role of 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Soltriol) in Etiology and Therapy of Seasonal Affective Disorder and Other Mental Processes.” Psychopharmacology 97:285–94.Google Scholar
Stumpf, W.E. and Privette, T.H. (1991). “The Steroid Hormone of Sunlight Soltriol (Vitamin D) as a Seasonal Regulator of Biological Activities and Photoperiodic Rhythms.” Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 39:283–89.Google Scholar
Swan, S.H., Elkin, E.P., et al. (1997). “Have Sperm Densities Declined? A Reanalysis of Global Trend Data.” Environmental Health Perspectives 105:1228–32.Google Scholar
Tanaka, T., Suwa, S., et al. (1988). “Analysis of Linear Growth during Puberty.” Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica — Supplement 347:25–29.Google Scholar
Tanner, J.M. (1968). “Earlier Maturation in Man.” Scientific American 218:21–27.Google Scholar
Tanner, J.M. (1973). “Trend towards Earlier Menarche in London, Olso, Copenhagen, the Netherlands and Hungary.” Nature 243:95–96.Google Scholar
Tanner, J.M. (1981). A History of the Study of Human Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Theintz, G.E., Howald, H., et al. (1989). “Growth and Pubertal Development of Young Female Gymnasts and Swimmers: A Correlation with Parental Data.” International Journal of Sports Medicine 10:87–91.Google Scholar
Theintz, G.E., Howald, H., et al. (1993). “Evidence for a Reduction of Growth Potential in Adolescent Female Gymnasts [see comments].” Journal of Pediatrics 122:306–13.Google Scholar
Tieger, T. (1980). “On the Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Aggression.” Child Development 51:943–63.Google Scholar
Tonz, O., Stronski, S.M., et al. (1990). “[Growth and Puberty in 7-to-16-Year-Old Female Gymnasts: A Prospective Study].” Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. Journal Suisse de Medecine 120:10–20.Google Scholar
Trayhurn, P., Beattie, J.H., et al. (2000). “Leptin—Signals and Secretions from White Adipose Tissue.” In Heldmaier, G. and Klingenspor, M. (eds.), Life in the Cold: Eleventh International Hibernation Symposium. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Treloar, A.E., Boynton, R.E., et al. (1970). “Variation of the Human Menstrual Cycle through Reproductive Life.” International Journal of Fertility 12:77–126.Google Scholar
Treloar, S.A. and Martin, N.G. (1990). “Age at Menarche as a Fitness Trait: Nonadditive Genetic Variance Detected in a Large Twin Sample [see comments].” American Journal of Human Genetics 47:137–48.Google Scholar
Trussell, J. (1978). “Menarche and Fatness: Reexamination of the Critical Body Composition Hypothesis.” Science 200 (4349): 1506–13.Google Scholar
Trussell, J. (1980). “Statistical Flaws in Evidence for the Frisch Hypothesis that Fatness Triggers Menarche.” Human Biology 52:711–20.Google Scholar
Trussell, R. and Steckel, R. (1978). “The Age of Slaves at Menarche and Their First Birth.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 8:477–505.Google Scholar
Tryggvadottir, L., Tulinius, H., et al. (1994). “A Decline and a Halt in Mean Age at Menarche in Iceland.” Annals of Human Biology 21:179–86.Google Scholar
Tschann, J.M., Adler, N.E., et al. (1994). “Initiation of Substance Use in Early Adolescence: The Roles of Pubertal Timing and Emotional Distress.” Health Psychology 13:326–33.Google Scholar
Tuvemo, T., Gustafsson, J., et al. (1999). “Growth Hormone Treatment during Suppression of Early Puberty in Adopted Girls. Swedish Growth Hormone Advisory Group.” Acta Paediatrica 88:928–32.Google Scholar
Tuvemo, T. and Proos, L.A. (1993). “Girls Adopted from Developing Countries: A Group at Risk of Early Pubertal Development and Short Final Height. Implications for Health Surveillance and Treatment [editorial].” Annals of Medicine 25:217–19.Google Scholar
Udry, J.R. (1988). “Biological Predispositions and Social Control in Adolescent Sexual Behavior.” American Sociological Review 53:709–22.Google Scholar
Udry, J.R. (1990). “Biosocial Models of Adolescent Problem Behaviors.” Social Biology 37:1–10.Google Scholar
Udry, J.R. (1991). “Predicting Alcohol Use by Adolescent Males.” Journal of Biosocial Science 23:381–86.Google Scholar
Udry, J.R. (1994). “The Nature of Gender.” Demography 31:561–73.Google Scholar
Udry, J.R., Billy, J.O., et al. (1985). “Serum Androgenic Hormones Motivate Sexual Behavior in Adolescent Boys.” Fertility and Sterility 43:90–94.Google Scholar
Udry, J.R. and Cliquet, R.L. (1982). “A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Relationship between Ages at Menarche, Marriage, and First Birth.” Demography 19:53–63.Google Scholar
Udry, J.R., Talbert, L.M., et al. (1986). “Biosocial Foundations for Adolescent Female Sexuality.” Demography 23:217–30.Google Scholar
Ulijaszek, S.J., Evans, E., et al. (1991). “Age at Menarche of European, Afro-Caribbean and Indo-Pakistani Schoolgirls Living in London.” Annals of Human Biology 18:167–75.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, C.Y., Nunez, E., et al. (1991). “Month at Menarche: A Re-Evaluation of the Seasonal Hypothesis [see comments].” Annals of Human Biology 18:383–93.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, C.Y., Spikumari, C.R., et al. (1996). “New Evidence of Non Seasonal Factors in the Menarche Rhythm.” Biological Research 29:245–51.Google Scholar
Veldhuis, J.D. (1996). “Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Mediating Awakening of the Human Gonadotropic Axis in Puberty.” Pediatric Nephrology 10:304–17.Google Scholar
Vico, L., Prallet, B., et al. (1992). “Contributions of Chronological Age, Age at Menarche and Menopause and of Anthropometric Parameters to Axial and Peripheral Bone Densities.” Osteoporosis International 2:153–58.Google Scholar
Vihko, R.K. and Apter, D.L. (1986). “The Epidemiology and Endocrinology of the Menarche in Relation to Breast Cancer.” Cancer Surveys 5:561–71.Google Scholar
Vinovskis, M.A. (1988). An “Epidemic” of Adolescent Pregnancy?: Some Historical and Policy Considerations. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vinovskis, M.A. (1992). “Historical Perspectives on Adolescent Pregnancy” In Rosenheim, M.K. and Testa, M.F. (eds.), Early Parenthood and Coming of Age in the 1990s. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Vizmanos, B. and Marti-Henneberg, C. (2000). “Puberty Begins with a Characteristic Subcutaneous Body Fat Mass in Each Sex.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54:203–8.Google Scholar
Warren, M.P. (1980). “The Effects of Exercise on Pubertal Progression and Reproductive Function in Girls.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 51:1150–57.Google Scholar
Warren, M.P. and Brooks-Gunn, J. (1989). “Mood and Behavior at Adolescence: Evidence for Hormonal Factors.” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 69:77–83.Google Scholar
Warren, M.P., Brooks-Gunn, J., et al. (1986). “Scoliosis and Fractures in Young Ballet Dancers. Relation to Delayed Menarche and Secondary Amenorrhea [published erratum appears in New England Journal of Medicine 1986 Oct 2;315(14):905].” New England Journal of Medicine 314:1348–53.Google Scholar
Weimann, E., Witzel, C., et al. (2000). “Peripubertal Perturbations in Elite Gymnasts Caused by Sport Specific Training Regimes and Inadequate Nutritional Intake.” International Journal of Sports Medicine 21:210–15.Google Scholar
Westney, O.E., Jenkins, R.R., et al. (1984). “Sexual Development and Behavior in Black Preadolescents.” Adolescence 19:557–68.Google Scholar
Wheelhouse, R.K. and Hacker, R.R. (1982). “The Effect of Four Different Types of Fluorescent Light on Growth, Reproductive Performance, Pineal Weight and Retinal Morphology of Yorkshire Gilts.” Canadian Journal of Animal Science 62:417–24.Google Scholar
Whincup, P.H., Gilg, J.A., et al. (2001). “Age of Menarche in Contemporary British Teenagers: Survey of Girls Born between 1982 and 1986.” British Medical Journal 322:1095–96.Google Scholar
WHO (1986). “World Health Organization Multicenter Study on Menstrual and Ovulatory Patterns in Adolescent Girls. I. A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study of Menarche. World Health Organization Task Force on Adolescent Reproductive Health.” Journal of Adolescent Health Care 7:229–35.Google Scholar
Williams, J.M. and Dunlop, L.C. (1999). “Pubertal Timing and Self-Reported Delinquency among Male Adolescents.” Journal of Adolescence 22:157–71.Google Scholar
Wilson, H.C. (1992). “A Critical Review of Menstrual Synchrony Research.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 17 (6):565–91.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. (1997). “Despatches from BBC Science.” November 25. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/despatches/newsid%5F9000/9153.stm.Google Scholar
Wolanski, N., Dickinson, F., et al. (1994). “Seasonal Rhythm of Menarche as a Sensitive Index of Living Conditions.” Studies in Human Ecology 11:171–91.Google Scholar
Wu, C.J. and Dai, Y. (1999). “Effects of ‘Products Of Chicken Embryo’ on Growth and Sexual Development in Rats.” Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 12:125–35.Google Scholar
Wuhl, E. and Schaefer, F. (1999). “Puberty in Chronic Renal Failure.” Advances in Renal Replacement Therapy 6:335–43.Google Scholar
Wurtman, R.J. and Moskowitz, M.A. (1977a). “The Pineal Organ (first of two parts).” New England Journal of Medicine 296:1329–33.Google Scholar
Wurtman, R.J. and Moskowitz, M.A. (1977b). “The Pineal Organ (second of two parts).” New England Journal of Medicine 296:1383–86.Google Scholar
Wurtman, R.J. and Moskowitz, M.J. (1977c). “Age at Menarche and Exposure to Light [reply].” New England Journal of Medicine 297:512–13.Google Scholar
Yellon, S.M. and Foster, D.L. (1985). “Alternate Photoperiods Time Puberty in the Female Lamb.” Endocrinology 116:2090–97.Google Scholar
Zakin, D.F., Blyth, D.A., et al. (1984). “Physical Attractiveness as a Mediator of the Impact of Early Pubertal Changes for Girls.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 13:439–50.Google Scholar
Zernike, K. and Petersen, M. (2001). “Schools' Backing of Behavior Drugs Comes under Fire.” New York Times (August 19):1.Google Scholar