Hostname: page-component-84c44f86f4-tngzx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-14T10:36:10.550Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Nutritional value of organic food in children

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 February 2025

Arnaud De Luca Open the ORCID record for Arnaud De Luca [Opens in a new window] ,
Alain Bocquet ,
Sandra Brancato-Bouet ,
Martin Chalumeau ,
Christophe Dupont ,
Dominique Darmaun ,
François Feillet ,
Marie-Laure Frelut ,
Dominique Guimber  and
Alexandre Lapillonne
...Show all authors
Arnaud De Luca*
Affiliation:
University Hospital of Tours, INSERM UMR 1069 N2C, University of Tours, F-37000 Tours, France
Alain Bocquet
Affiliation:
University of Franche-Comté, F-25000 Besancon, France
Sandra Brancato-Bouet
Affiliation:
Association française de pédiatrie ambulatoire (AFPA), F-44150 Ancenis – Saint-Géréon, Cabinet de pédiatrie, F-30190 Brignon, France
Martin Chalumeau
Affiliation:
Université Paris Cité, Obstetrical Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, INSERM, Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Necker-Enfants malades Hospital, F-75015 Paris, France
Christophe Dupont
Affiliation:
Paris Descartes University, Paris, France Clinique Marcel Sembat, Ramsay Group, Boulogne Billancourt, France
Dominique Darmaun
Affiliation:
Nantes University, F-44000 Nantes, France
François Feillet
Affiliation:
Reference Centre for Inborn Errors of Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital of Nancy, INSERM U1256 NGERE, University of Lorraine, F-54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
Marie-Laure Frelut
Affiliation:
Association française de pédiatrie ambulatoire (AFPA), F-44150 Ancenis – Saint-Géréon, Cabinet de pédiatrie, F-81000 Albi, France
Dominique Guimber
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology-Hepatology and Nutrition, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, University Hospital of Lille, F-59037 Lille-cedex, France
Alexandre Lapillonne
Affiliation:
Department of Neonatology, APHP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, EHU 7328 Paris Cite University, F-75015 Paris, France CNRC Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Agnès Linglart
Affiliation:
University Paris Saclay, INSERM, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology for Children, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay University Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France Department of Adolescent Medicine, Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Filière OSCAR and Platform of expertise for rare diseases Paris-Saclay, INSERM Endocrinologie et physiopathologie endocrinienne, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay University Hospital, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Sophie Nicklaus
Affiliation:
Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
Noël Peretti
Affiliation:
Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CarMEN laboratory, INSERM U1060, INRAE 1397, 69495 Pierre Benite. Hospices Civil de Lyon HCL, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology-Hepatology and Nutrition, Hôpital Femme Mere Enfant, F-69500, Bron, France
Jean-Christophe Rozé
Affiliation:
Neonatal Department, Nantes University, F-44000 Nantes, France
Umberto Simeoni
Affiliation:
Lausanne University, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
Jean-Pierre Chouraqui
Affiliation:
Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble-Alpes (CHUGA), University of Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
Committee on Nutrition of the French Society of Paediatrics
Affiliation:
Chair of the Committee on Nutrition, France
*
Corresponding author: Arnaud De Luca; Email: arnaud.deluca@univ-tours.fr
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In Europe, organic food must comply with specific regulations which do not include nutritional criteria. The ability of organic food to meet the nutritional needs of children is not assessed. This narrative review discusses the nutritional composition (macronutrients, micronutrients) of organic food compared with conventional products and its clinical relevance with a paediatric focus, as well as the health impact of these differences and of contaminants which interfere with metabolism. Other potential differences, particularly regarding the direct/indirect exposure to other contaminants in conventional food, are not addressed in this review. The composition of some organic food may differ from conventional food. Protein content was lower in cereals and eggs. A lower n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) ratio was observed in milk, meat and eggs. Long-chain PUFA and vitamin E may be higher in milk, meat and fish, as well as some minerals and antioxidants (phenolic compounds, vitamin C) in fruits, vegetables and starchy food and carotenoids in fruits and vegetables. Epidemiological studies suggest an association between organic diets and lower prevalence of childhood obesity, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, whereas the protective effect on allergy and cancer is controversial. Some organic food may be of greater nutritional interest for children’s diet than conventional food. Standardised studies comparing food composition and diet in children are needed. Considering the lower toxicologic risk and the sustainability of organic food, the Committee on Nutrition encourages the use of organic food, provided that such food is affordable, alongside specific baby food which is subject to strict specific European Union regulations.

Keywords

nutritional contenthealth outcomesdiet compositionfood intake

Information

Type
Review Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , First View , pp. 1 - 19
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

European Union (2018) Commission regulation (EC) No 848/2018. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2018/848/oj (accessed October 2023).Google Scholar
Mantha, OL, Laxmi Patel, M, Hankard, R, et al. (2020) Effect of organic food intake on nitrogen stable isotopes. Nutrients 12, E2965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European Union (2008) Commission regulation (EC) No 889/2008. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32008R0889 (accessed October 2023).Google Scholar
European Union (2007) Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/production-and-labelling-of-organic-products-until-2021.html (accessed October 2023).Google Scholar
Code of Federal Regulations (2022) National Organic Program, 7 CFR Part 205. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-7/subtitle-B/chapter-I/subchapter-M/part-205 (accessed October 2023).Google Scholar
EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), Carrasco Cabrera, L & Medina Pastor, P (2022) The 2020 European Union report on pesticide residues in food. EFSA J 20, e07215.Google ScholarPubMed
Willer, H, Trávníček, J & Schlatter, B (2024) The World of Organic Agriculture – Statistics and Emerging Trends 2024. https://www.fibl.org/fileadmin/documents/shop/1747-organic-world-2024_light.pdf (accessed August 2024).Google Scholar
Chouraqui, J-P, Dupont, C, Briend, A, et al. (2023) Nutri-score: its benefits and limitations in children’s feeding. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 76, e46–e60.10.1097/MPG.0000000000003657CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
European Commission (2020) Special Eurobarometer 505: Making our food fit for the future – Citizens’ expectations. https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s2241_505_eng?locale=en (accessed October 2023).Google Scholar
Baudry, J, Péneau, S, Allès, B, et al. (2017) Food choice motives when purchasing in organic and conventional consumer clusters: focus on sustainable concerns (The NutriNet-Santé cohort study). Nutrients 9, 88.10.3390/nu9020088CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedersen, E (2018) Organic farming and food market in Denmark 2018. https://clustercollaboration.eu/sites/default/files/2021-06/DAFC%20-%20organic%20farming.pdf (accessed October 2023).Google Scholar
Agence Bio (2022) Baromètre Agence BIO/Institut CSA (mars 2022): le BIO reste le repère de la transition alimentaire ! https://www.agencebio.org/2022/03/14/le-bio-repere-de-la-transition-alimentaire-selon-le-dernier-barometre-agence-bio-institut-csa/ (accessed October 2023).Google Scholar
Woś, K, Dobrowolski, H, Gajewska, D, et al. (2022) Organic food consumption and perception among Polish mothers of children under 6 years old. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19, 15196.10.3390/ijerph192215196CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyland, C, Bradman, A, Gerona, R, et al. (2019) Organic diet intervention significantly reduces urinary pesticide levels in U.S. children and adults. Environ Res 171, 568–575.10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rempelos, L, Wang, J, Barański, M, et al. (2022) Diet and food type affect urinary pesticide residue excretion profiles in healthy individuals: results of a randomized controlled dietary intervention trial. Am J Clin Nutr 115, 364–377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fewtrell, M, Bronsky, J, Campoy, C, et al. (2017) Complementary feeding: a position paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) committee on nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 64, 119–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mielech, A, Puścion-Jakubik, A & Socha, K (2021) Assessment of the risk of contamination of food for infants and toddlers. Nutrients 13, 2358.10.3390/nu13072358CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arcury, TA, Chen, H, Quandt, SA, et al. (2021) Pesticide exposure among Latinx children: comparison of children in rural, farmworker and urban, non-farmworker communities. Sci Total Environ 763, 144233.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144233CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willer, H, Schlatter, B & Czech Organic (2023) The world of organic agriculture. Statistics and Emerging Trends 2023. https://zenodo.org/record/7572890 (accessed August 2024).Google Scholar
European Union (2006) Commission regulation (EC) No 141/2006. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2006/141/oj (accessed October 2023).Google Scholar
European Union (2016) Commission regulation (EC) No 127/2016. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_del/2016/127/oj (accessed October 2023).Google Scholar
European Union (2006) Commission regulation (EC) No 2006/125. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2006/125/oj (accessed August 2024).Google Scholar
European Union (2013) Commission regulation (EC) No 293/2013. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2013/293/oj/eng (accessed August 2024).Google Scholar
European Union (2023) Commission regulation (EC) No 915/2023. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/915/oj/eng (accessed August 2024).Google Scholar
European Union (2022) Commission regulation (EC) No 1290/2022. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/1290/oj (accessed August 2024).Google Scholar
European Union (2008) Commission regulation (EC) No 1333/2008. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2008/1333/oj/eng (accessed October 2023).Google Scholar
Bocquet, A (2018) Norme Afnor alimentation infantile. Un nouveau logo pour identifier les aliments de l’enfance (de 0 à 3 ans). https://afpa.org/content/uploads/2018/10/Norme-AFNOR-alimentation-infantile.pdf (accessed October 2023).Google Scholar
INRAe (2020) Qualité des aliments d’origine animale : l’expertise de l’INRAE en appui aux politiques publiques. èhttps://www.inrae.fr/sites/default/files/pdf/ESCo_Synthèse_FINAL.pdf (accessed October 2023).Google Scholar
Ormston, S, Qin, N, Faludi, G, et al. (2023) Implications of organic dairy management on herd performance and milk fatty acid profiles and interactions with season. Foods 12, 1589.10.3390/foods12081589CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Średnicka-Tober, D, Barański, M, Seal, CJ, et al. (2016) Higher PUFA and n-3 PUFA, conjugated linoleic acid, α-tocopherol and iron, but lower iodine and selenium concentrations in organic milk: a systematic literature review and meta- and redundancy analyses. Br J Nutr 115, 1043–1060.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palupi, E, Jayanegara, A, Ploeger, A, et al. (2012) Comparison of nutritional quality between conventional and organic dairy products: a meta-analysis. J Sci Food Agric 92, 2774–2781.10.1002/jsfa.5639CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dall’Asta, M, Angelino, D, Pellegrini, N, et al. (2020) The nutritional quality of organic and conventional food products sold in Italy: results from the food labelling of Italian products (FLIP) study. Nutrients 12, E1273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breza-Boruta, B, Ligocka, A & Bauza-Kaszewska, J (2022) Natural bioactive compounds in organic and conventional fermented food. Molecules 27, 4084.10.3390/molecules27134084CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2013) Scientific opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. EFSA J 11, 3408.Google Scholar
Schwendel, BH, Wester, TJ, Morel, PCH, et al. (2015) Invited review: organic and conventionally produced milk-an evaluation of factors influencing milk composition. J Dairy Sci 98, 721–746.10.3168/jds.2014-8389CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasanaliyeva, G, Sufar, EK, Wang, J, et al. (2023) Effects of agricultural intensification on Mediterranean diets: a narrative review. Foods 12, 3779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Średnicka-Tober, D, Barański, M, Seal, C, et al. (2016) Composition differences between organic and conventional meat: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 115, 994–1011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prache, S, Lebret, B, Baéza, E, et al. (2022) Review: quality and authentication of organic animal products in Europe. Animal 16, S1, 100405.10.1016/j.animal.2021.100405CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhao, Y, Wang, D & Yang, S (2016) Effect of organic and conventional rearing system on the mineral content of pork. Meat Sci 118, 103–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molee, W, Khosinklang, W, Tongduang, P, et al. (2022) Biomolecules, fatty acids, meat quality, and growth performance of slow-growing chickens in an organic raising system. Animals 12, 570.10.3390/ani12050570CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popa, ME, Mitelut, AC, Popa, EE, et al. (2019) Organic foods contribution to nutritional quality and value. Trends Food Sci Technol 84, 15–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Küçükyılmaz, K, Bozkurt, M, Yamaner, Ç, et al. (2012) Effect of an organic and conventional rearing system on the mineral content of hen eggs. Food Chem 132, 989–992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, H, Magistrali, A, Butler, G, et al. (2022) Nutritional benefits from fatty acids in organic and Grass-fed beef. Foods 11, 646.10.3390/foods11050646CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuernberg, K, Dannenberger, D, Nuernberg, G, et al. (2005) Effect of a grass-based and a concentrate feeding system on meat quality characteristics and fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle in different cattle breeds. Livest Prod Sci 94, 137–147.10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.11.036CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, AV, Enser, M, Richardson, RI, et al. (2000) Fatty acid composition and eating quality of lamb types derived from four diverse breed × production systems. Meat Sci 55,141–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nilzén, V, Babol, J, Dutta, PC, et al. (2001) Free range rearing of pigs with access to pasture grazing – effect on fatty acid composition and lipid oxidation products. Meat Sci 58, 267–275.10.1016/S0309-1740(00)00164-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parinet, J, Royer, E, Saint-Hilaire, M, et al. (2018) Classification of trace elements in tissues from organic and conventional French pig production. Meat Sci 141, 28–35.10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.02.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burdge, GC (2022) α-linolenic acid interconversion is sufficient as a source of longer chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans: an opinion. Lipids 57, 267–287.10.1002/lipd.12355CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brantsæter, AL, Ydersbond, TA, Hoppin, JA, et al. (2017) Organic food in the diet: exposure and health implications. Annu Rev Public Health 38, 295–313.10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044437CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barański, M, Srednicka-Tober, D, Volakakis, N, et al. (2014) Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses. Br J Nutr 112, 794–811.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dangour, AD, Dodhia, SK, Hayter, A, et al. (2009) Nutritional quality of organic foods: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 90, 680–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giampieri, F, Mazzoni, L, Cianciosi, D, et al. (2022) Organic vs conventional plant-based foods: a review. Food Chem 383, 132352.10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132352CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Średnicka-Tober, D, Kopczyńska, K, Góralska-Walczak, R, et al. (2022) Are organic certified carrots richer in health-promoting phenolics and carotenoids than the conventionally grown ones? Molecules 27, 4184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czech, A, Szmigielski, M & Sembratowicz, I (2022) Nutritional value and antioxidant capacity of organic and conventional vegetables of the genus Allium. Sci Rep 12, 18713.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fibiani, M, Paolo, D, Leteo, F, et al. (2022) Influence of year, genotype and cultivation system on nutritional values and bioactive compounds in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Food Chem 389, 133090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bergman, C & Pandhi, M (2022) Organic rice production practices: effects on grain end-use quality, healthfulness, and safety. Foods 12, 73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, J, Chatzidimitriou, E, Wood, L, et al. (2020) Effect of wheat species (Triticum aestivum vs T. spelta), farming system (organic vs conventional) and flour type (wholegrain vs white) on composition of wheat flour – Results of a retail survey in the UK and Germany – 2. Antioxidant activity, and phenolic and mineral content. Food Chem X 6, 100091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrček, IV, Čepo, DV, Rašić, D, et al. (2014) A comparison of the nutritional value and food safety of organically and conventionally produced wheat flours. Food Chem 143, 522–529.10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mazzoncini, M, Antichi, D, Silvestri, N, et al. (2015) Organically vs conventionally grown winter wheat: effects on grain yield, technological quality, and on phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of bran and refined flour. Food Chem 175, 445–451.10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.138CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rempelos, L, Almuayrifi, AM, Baranski, M, et al. (2018) Effects of agronomic management and climate on leaf phenolic profiles, disease severity, and grain yield in organic and conventional wheat production systems. J Agric Food Chem 66, 10369–10379.10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02626CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hussain, A, Larsson, H, Kuktaite, R, et al. (2012) Healthy food from organic wheat: choice of genotypes for production and breeding. J Sci Food Agric 92, 2826–2832.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hussain, A, Larsson, H, Kuktaite, R, et al. (2015) Carotenoid content in organically produced wheat: relevance for human nutritional health on consumption. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12, 14068–14083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malumba, P, Boudry, C, Roiseux, O, et al. (2015) Chemical characterisation and in vitro assessment of the nutritive value of co-products yield from the corn wet-milling process. Food Chem 166, 143–149.10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aune, D, Keum, N, Giovannucci, E, et al. (2016) Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 353, i2716.10.1136/bmj.i2716CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rempelos, L, Wang, J, Sufar, EK, et al. (2023) Breeding bread-making wheat varieties for organic farming systems: the need to target productivity, robustness, resource use efficiency and grain quality traits. Foods 12, 1209.10.3390/foods12061209CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, KM, Reeves, PG & Jones, SS (2008) Relationship between yield and mineral nutrient concentrations in historical and modern spring wheat cultivars. Euphytica 163, 381–390.10.1007/s10681-008-9681-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daud, MFB, Rempelos, L, Cakmak, I, et al. (2024) Increasing grain selenium concentration via genetic and agronomic innovations. Plant Soil 494, 477–496.10.1007/s11104-023-06293-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baudry, J, Méjean, C, Péneau, S, et al. (2015) Health and dietary traits of organic food consumers: results from the NutriNet-Santé study. Br J Nutr 114, 2064–2073.10.1017/S0007114515003761CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisinger-Watzl, M, Wittig, F, Heuer, T, et al. (2015) Customers purchasing organic food – do they live healthier? Results of the German National Nutrition Survey II. Eur J Nutr Food Saf 5, 59–71.10.9734/EJNFS/2015/12734CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Lauzon-Guillain, B, Gaudfernau, F, Camier, A, et al. (2021) Characteristics associated with feeding organic foods during complementary feeding: the nationwide Étude Longitudinale Française depuis l’Enfance (ELFE) birth cohort. Br J Nutr 126, 1215–1224.10.1017/S0007114520005097CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Payet, D, Adjibade, M, Baudry, J, et al. (2021) Organic food consumption during the complementary feeding period and respiratory or allergic diseases up to age 5.5 years in the ELFE cohort. Front Nutr 8, 791430.10.3389/fnut.2021.791430CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gosling, CJ, Goncalves, A, Ehrminger, M, et al. (2021) Association of organic food consumption with obesity in a nationally representative sample. Br J Nutr 125, 703–711.10.1017/S0007114520003189CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baudry, J, Allès, B, Péneau, S, et al. (2017) Dietary intakes and diet quality according to levels of organic food consumption by French adults: cross-sectional findings from the NutriNet-Santé Cohort Study. Public Health Nutr 20, 638–648.10.1017/S1368980016002718CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baudry, J, Pointereau, P, Seconda, L, et al. (2019) Improvement of diet sustainability with increased level of organic food in the diet: findings from the BioNutriNet cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 109, 1173–1188.10.1093/ajcn/nqy361CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baudry, J, Ducros, V, Druesne-Pecollo, N, et al. (2019) Some differences in nutritional biomarkers are detected between consumers and nonconsumers of organic foods: findings from the BioNutriNet project. Curr Dev Nutr 3, nzy090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghozal, M, Camier, A, Heude, B, et al. (2024) Consumption of organic foods during complementary feeding and BMI z-score up to 7.5 years in the French nationwide Elfe cohort. ISEE Conference Abstracts. Environ Health Perspect. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/isee.2024.1067 (accessed August 2024).Google Scholar
Kesse-Guyot, E, Baudry, J, Assmann, KE, et al. (2017) Prospective association between consumption frequency of organic food and body weight change, risk of overweight or obesity: results from the NutriNet-Santé Study. Br J Nutr 117, 325–334.10.1017/S0007114517000058CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kesse-Guyot, E, Rebouillat, P, Payrastre, L, et al. (2020) Prospective association between organic food consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: findings from the NutriNet-Santé cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 17, 136.10.1186/s12966-020-01038-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berlivet, J, Payrastre, L, Rebouillat, P, et al. (2024) Association between dietary pesticide exposure profiles and body weight change in French adults: results from the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Environ Int 184, 108485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rebouillat, P, Vidal, R, Cravedi, J-P, et al. (2022) Prospective association between dietary pesticide exposure profiles and type 2 diabetes risk in the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Environ Health 21, 57.10.1186/s12940-022-00862-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baudry, J, Lelong, H, Adriouch, S, et al. (2018) Association between organic food consumption and metabolic syndrome: cross-sectional results from the NutriNet-Santé study. Eur J Nutr 57, 2477–2488.10.1007/s00394-017-1520-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sun, Y, Liu, B, Du, Y, et al. (2018) Inverse association between organic food purchase and diabetes mellitus in US adults. Nutrients 10, E1877.10.3390/nu10121877CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhagavathula, AS, Vidyasagar, K & Khubchandani, J (2022) Organic food consumption and risk of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Healthcare 10, 231.10.3390/healthcare10020231CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vigar, V, Myers, S, Oliver, C, et al. (2019) A systematic review of organic versus conventional food consumption: is there a measurable benefit on human health? Nutrients 12, 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derbyshire, EJ (2016) Flexitarian diets and health: a review of the evidence-based literature. Front Nutr 3, 55.Google Scholar
Chiu, Y-F, Hsu, C-C, Chiu, THT, et al. (2015) Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of metabolic profiles between vegetarian and non-vegetarian subjects: a matched cohort study. Br J Nutr 114, 1313–1320.10.1017/S0007114515002937CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peretti, N, Darmaun, D, Chouraqui, JP, et al. (2020) Vegetarian diet in children and adolescents: a health benefit? Arch Pediatr 27, 173–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kesse-Guyot, E, Lairon, D, Allès, B, et al. (2022) Key findings of the French BioNutriNet project on organic food-based diets: description, determinants, and relationships to health and the environment. Adv Nutr 13, 208–224.10.1093/advances/nmab105CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiu, Y-H, Sandoval-Insausti, H, Ley, SH, et al. (2019) Association between intake of fruits and vegetables by pesticide residue status and coronary heart disease risk. Environ Int 132, 105113.10.1016/j.envint.2019.105113CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skonieski, C, Silva, L, Fagundes, KR, et al. (2022) Exposure to pesticides and overweight – a systematic review. Res Soc Dev 11, e596111436493.10.33448/rsd-v11i14.36493CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, F, Peng, Y & Sun, Q (2022) Pesticides exposure induced obesity and its associated diseases: recent progress and challenges. J Future Foods 2, 119–124.10.1016/j.jfutfo.2022.03.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasco, ER & Alvito, PC (2011) Occurrence and infant exposure assessment of nitrates in baby foods marketed in the region of Lisbon, Portugal. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 4, 218–225.10.1080/19393210.2011.611951CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karwowska, M & Kononiuk, A (2020) Nitrates/nitrites in food-risk for Nitrosative stress and benefits. Antioxidants 9, 241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bedale, W, Sindelar, JJ & Milkowski, AL (2016) Dietary nitrate and nitrite: benefits, risks, and evolving perceptions. Meat Sci 120, 85–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baudry, J, Assmann, KE, Touvier, M, et al. (2018) Association of frequency of organic food consumption with cancer risk: findings from the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort study. JAMA Intern Med 178, 1597–1606.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rebouillat, P, Vidal, R, Cravedi, J-P, et al. (2021) Prospective association between dietary pesticide exposure profiles and postmenopausal breast-cancer risk in the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Int J Epidemiol 50, 1184–1198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradbury, KE, Balkwill, A, Spencer, EA, et al. (2014) Organic food consumption and the incidence of cancer in a large prospective study of women in the United Kingdom. Br J Cancer 110, 2321–2326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, JLM, Frederiksen, K, Hansen, J, et al. (2023) Organic food consumption and the incidence of cancer in the Danish diet, cancer and health cohort. Eur J Epidemiol 38, 59–69.10.1007/s10654-022-00951-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sandoval-Insausti, H, Chiu, Y-H, Lee, DH, et al. (2021) Intake of fruits and vegetables by pesticide residue status in relation to cancer risk. Environ Int 156, 106744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hernández-Verdin, I, Labreche, K, Benazra, M, et al. (2020) Tracking the genetic susceptibility background of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas from genome-wide association studies. Int J Mol Sci 22, 122.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Açar, Y & Akbulut, G (2024) Evaluation of aflatoxins occurrence and exposure in cereal-based baby foods: an update review. Curr Nutr Rep 13, 59–68.10.1007/s13668-024-00519-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trewavas, A (2001) Urban myths of organic farming. Nature 410, 409–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrera, M, Bervis, N, Carramiñana, JJ, et al. (2019) Occurrence and exposure assessment of Aflatoxins and Deoxynivalenol in cereal-based baby foods for infants. Toxins 11, 150.10.3390/toxins11030150CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kummeling, I, Thijs, C, Huber, M, et al. (2008) Consumption of organic foods and risk of atopic disease during the first 2 years of life in The Netherlands. Br J Nutr 99, 598–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alm, JS, Swartz, J, Lilja, G, et al. (1999) Atopy in children of families with an anthroposophic lifestyle. Lancet 353, 1485–1488.10.1016/S0140-6736(98)09344-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alfvén, T, Braun-Fahrländer, C, Brunekreef, B, et al. (2006) Allergic diseases and atopic sensitization in children related to farming and anthroposophic lifestyle – the PARSIFAL study. Allergy 61, 414–421.10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00939.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stenius, F, Swartz, J, Lilja, G, et al. (2011) Lifestyle factors and sensitization in children – the ALADDIN birth cohort. Allergy 66, 1330–1338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith-Spangler, C, Brandeau, ML, Hunter, GE, et al. (2012) Are organic foods safer or healthier than conventional alternatives?: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 157, 348–366.10.7326/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hadders-Algra, M (2011) Prenatal and early postnatal supplementation with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: neurodevelopmental considerations. Am J Clin Nutr 94, 1874S–1879S.10.3945/ajcn.110.001065CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chouraqui, J-P, Darmaun, D, Salmon-Legagneur, A, et al. (2022) Protein intake pattern in non-breastfed infants and toddlers: a survey in a nationally representative sample of French children. Clin Nutr 41, 269–278.10.1016/j.clnu.2021.12.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patro-Gołąb, B, Zalewski, BM, Kołodziej, M, et al. (2016) Nutritional interventions or exposures in infants and children aged up to 3 years and their effects on subsequent risk of overweight, obesity and body fat: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Obes Rev 17, 1245–1257.10.1111/obr.12476CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramakrishnan, B, Maddela, NR, Venkateswarlu, K, et al. (2021) Organic farming: does it contribute to contaminant-free produce and ensure food safety? Sci Total Environ 769, 145079.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, RR, Zakhour, CM & Gould, LH (2016) Foodborne disease outbreaks associated with organic foods in the United States. J Food Prot 79, 1953–1958.10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-204CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tressou, J, Ben Abdallah, N, Planche, C, et al. (2017) Exposure assessment for dioxin-like PCBs intake from organic and conventional meat integrating cooking and digestion effects. Food Chem Toxicol 110, 251–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dervilly-Pinel, G, Guérin, T, Minvielle, B, et al. (2017) Micropollutants and chemical residues in organic and conventional meat. Food Chem 232, 218–228.10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed