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Accepted manuscript

Coffee and health outcomes: a systematic review of Mendelian randomisation studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2025

Kitty Pham*
Affiliation:
Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
Nigussie Assefa Kassaw
Affiliation:
Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Anwar Mulugeta
Affiliation:
Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia. Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Ang Zhou
Affiliation:
Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Elina Hyppönen*
Affiliation:
Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
*
*Corresponding Authors: Dr Kitty Pham, Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical & Health Sciences, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Level 8, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia. Contact number: +61 435 438 927 Email: kitty.pham@unisa.edu.au Professor Elina Hyppönen, Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical & Health Sciences, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Level 8, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia. Contact number: +61 8 8302 2518 Email: elina.hypponen@unisa.edu.au
*Corresponding Authors: Dr Kitty Pham, Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical & Health Sciences, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Level 8, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia. Contact number: +61 435 438 927 Email: kitty.pham@unisa.edu.au Professor Elina Hyppönen, Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical & Health Sciences, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) Level 8, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia. Contact number: +61 8 8302 2518 Email: elina.hypponen@unisa.edu.au
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Abstract

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Coffee is a widely consumed beverage, which has been extensively studied for its potential effects on health. We aimed to map genetic evidence for the effect of habitual coffee consumption on health. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL and two preprint repositories from inception to 30/09/2022, and included 59 studies, spanning 160 disease or biomarker associations. We evaluated the articles for certainty of evidence using a modified GRADE tool and robustness of the associations by comparing MR sensitivity analyses. Coffee consumption was associated with smaller grey matter brain volume in one study, and there was probable evidence for an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease and younger age of onset of Huntington’s disease. MR studies provided probable evidence for an association with increased risk of esophageal and digestive cancers but protective effects for hepatocellular carcinomas and ovarian cancer. We found probable evidence for increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, menopausal disorders, glaucoma, higher total cholesterol, LDL-C and ApoB, and lowered risk of migraines, kidney disease, and gallstone disease. Future studies should aim to understand underlying mechanisms of disease, expand knowledge in non-European cohorts, and develop quality assessment tools for systematic reviews of MR studies.

Information

Type
Review Article
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society