Hostname: page-component-54dcc4c588-64p75 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-11T20:34:09.723Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

THE ERBIL PLAIN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY: PRELIMINARY RESULTS, 2012–2020

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2021

Jason Ur ,
Nader Babakr ,
Rocco Palermo ,
Petra Creamer ,
Mehrnoush Soroush ,
Shilan Ramand  and
Karel Nováček
Jason Ur
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA jasonur@fas.harvard.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey (EPAS) investigates settlement and land use from the Neolithic to the present in the Erbil Governorate of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, which includes a large portion of the core of the Assyrian Empire. In seven field seasons, it has documented a broad settlement landscape in a region of great social and political importance, especially in the Bronze and Iron Ages, including 728 archaeological sites. Its field methodology combines traditional surface collection with the use of historical aerial and satellite photographs, mobile GIS, and UAV (drone) photogrammetry. Preliminary results show some unexpected patterns: a high density of culturally Uruk settlements in the fourth millennium B.C., variable urban morphologies in the Early Bronze Age; and large but low-density settlements at the end of the Sasanian period or the early Islamic period. The project is explicitly testing several hypotheses about centralized Neo-Assyrian landscape planning in the imperial core. These hypotheses appear to be confirmed, although the situation was more complex than in surrounding provinces, probably due to the longer history of continuous settlement.

المسح الأثري لسهل أربيل (EPAS) يدرس الاستيطان واستخدام الأراضي من العصر الحجري الجديد الى يومنا هذا في محافظة أربيل في كردستان العراق، والتي تشمل جزءا كبيرا من قلب الإمبراطورية الآشورية. فمن خلال خمسة مواسم من الدراسة الحقلية تم توثيق منطقة استيطان واسعة في إقليم بالغ الأهمية من الناحيتين الاجتماعية والسياسية، خصوصا خلال العصر البرونزي والحديدي، يضم 728 موقعا أثريا تقريبا.

تجمع طرق العمل الحقلي التجميع السطحي التقليدي واستخدام الصور الجوية التاريخية وصور عن طريق الأقمار الصناعية ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية المحمول mobile GIS والمسح التصويري الجوي بدون طيار UAV. وبينت النتائج الأولية أنماط غير متوقعة: مستوطنات كثيفة السكان لها ثقافة أوروك من الألف الرابع قبل الميلاد، وأشكال حضرية متباينة من العصر البرونزي: ومستوطنات كبيرة منخفضة الكثافة السكانية في نهاية العصر الساساني او بداية العصر الإسلامي. يختبر المشروع بشكل صريح عدة فرضيات حول التخطيط المركزي الآشوري للأراضي في قلب الإمبراطورية. ويبدو ان هذه الفرضيات قد تم إثباتها، ولو أن الظروف كانت أكثر تعقيدا مما كان الحال عليه في الأقاليم المجاورة، وقد يكون ذلك بسبب طول فترة الاستيطان المتواصل فيها.

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
IRAQ , Volume 83 , December 2021 , pp. 205 - 243
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abu Al-Soof, B. 1969. “Excavations at Tell Qalinj Agha (Erbil) Summer 1968 Interim Report”. Sumer 25 (1–2): 3–42.Google Scholar
Adams, R. M. 1981. Heartland of Cities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Adams, R. M. 2005. “Intensified Large-Scale Irrigation as an Aspect of Imperial Policy: Strategies of Statecraft on the Late Sasanian Mesopotamian Plain” in Marcus, J. and Stanish, C., eds., Agricultural Strategies. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, pp. 17–37.Google Scholar
Adams, R. M. and Nissen, H. J.. 1972. The Uruk Countryside. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Algaze, G. 1989. “The Uruk Expansion: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Early Mesopotamian Civilization”. Current Anthropology 30 (5): 571–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Algaze, G. 2005. The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Algaze, G., Hammer, E. L., Parker, B. J., Breuninger, R. and Knudstad, J.. 2012. “The Tigris-Euphrates Archaeological Reconnaissance Project: Final Report of the Cizre Dam and Cizre-Silopi Plain Survey Areas”. Anatolica 38: 1–115.Google Scholar
Altaweel, M. 2008. The Imperial Landscape of Ashur: Settlement and Land Use in the Assyrian Heartland. Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient 11. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag.Google Scholar
Anastasio, S., Conti, G. and Ulivieri, L.. 2012. La collezione orientale del Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Firenze Volume I. I materiali di Qasr Shamamuk. Rome: Aracne.Google Scholar
Beaumont, P. 1989. “The Qanat: A Means of Water Provision from Ground Sources” in Beaumont, P., Bonine, M. E. and McLachlan, K., eds., Qanat, Kariz and Khattara: Traditional Water Systems in the Middle East and North Africa. London: Middle East Centre, SOAS, pp. 13–31.Google Scholar
Beuger, C. 2005. Keramik der spätfruhdynastischen bis spätassyrischen Zeit aus Assur: Eine Bearbeitung unter chronologischen Gesichtspunkten. PhD dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin.Google Scholar
Buringh, P. 1960. Soils and Soil Conditions in Iraq. Baghdad: Republic of Iraq Ministry of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Casana, J. 2015. “Satellite Imagery-Based Analysis of Archaeological Looting in Syria”. Near Eastern Archaeology 78: 142–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charpin, D. 2004. “Chroniques bibliographiques 3. Données nouvelles sur la région du Petit Zab au XVIIIe siècle av. J.-C”. Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 98: 151–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, G. M. 2013. The Hellenistic Settlements in the East. From Armenia and Mesopotamia, to Bactria and India. Berkeley: University of California.Google Scholar
Colantoni, C. and Ur, J. A.. 2011. “The Architecture and Pottery of a Late 3rd Millennium BC Residential Quarter at Tell Hamoukar, Northeastern Syria”. Iraq 73: 21–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davey, C. J. 1985. “The Negub Tunnel”. Iraq 47: 49–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Jong, L. and Palermo, R.. 2018. “Living on the Edge: The Roman Empire in the North Mesopotamian Steppe” in Stek, T. D. and Düring, B., eds., The Archaeology of Imperial Landscapes. A Comparative Study of Empires in the Ancient Near East and the Mediterranean World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 240–271.Google Scholar
Deller, K. 1990. “Eine Erwägung zur Lokalisierung des aB ON Qabrā/Qabarā”. NABU 1990/3: no. 84.Google Scholar
Eidem, J. 1985. “News from the Eastern Front: The Evidence from Tell Shemshara”. Iraq 47: 83–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furlani, G. 1934a. “Gli scavi italiani in Assiria (Campagna del 1933)”. Giornale della Società Asiatica Italiana 2: 265–276.Google Scholar
Furlani, G. 1934b. “Sarcofagi partici di Kakzu”. Iraq: 90–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gavagnin, K., Iamoni, M. and Palermo, R.. 2016. “The Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project: The Ceramic Repertoire from the Early Pottery Neolithic to the Sasanian Period”. Bulletin of the American School of Prehistoric Research 375: 119–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giraud, J., Baldi, J. S., Bonilauri, S., Mashkour, M., Lemée, M., Pichon, F., Mura, M., Pot, M.-A., Jamialahmadi, M., Biglari, F., Caze, C., Louchet, A., Havé, A., Douché, C., Ameen, A., Raeuf, K., Saber, S. A., Al-Debs, R., Sofy, R., Jameel, J., Walika, L. and Rahem, K. R.. 2019. “Human occupation along the southern flanks of the Zagros during the late glacial and Holocene In the Rania and Peshdar Plains; First results of the French archaeological Mission in the Soulaimaniah Governorate. (Iraqi Kurdistan)”. Paléorient 45 (2): 85–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammer, E., Fitzpatrick, M., and Ur, J. A.. In preparation. “Superseding CORONA: Declassified HEXAGON Intelligence Imagery for Archaeological and Historical Research”.Google Scholar
Hammer, E. L. and Lauricella, A.. 2017. “Historical Imagery of Desert Kites in Eastern Jordan”. Near Eastern Archaeology 80: 74–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammer, E. L. and Ur, J. A.. 2019. “Near Eastern Landscapes and Declassified U2 Aerial Imagery”. Advances in Archaeological Practice 7 (2): 107–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harmanşah, Ö. 2015. “ISIS, Heritage, and the Spectacles of Destruction in the Global Media”. Near Eastern Archaeology 78 (3): 170–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hausleiter, A. and Van Ess, M.. 2016. “Erbil, Irak: Survey im Stadtgebiet von Erbil.” e-Forschungsberichte des DAI 2016 (3): 52–56.Google Scholar
Hiltermann, J. R. 2007. A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hiltermann, J. R. 2008. “The 1988 Anfal Campaign in Iraqi Kurdistan”. Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/1988-anfal-campaign-iraqi-kurdistanGoogle Scholar
Human Rights Watch/Middle East. 1995. Iraq's Crime of Genocide: The Anfal Campaign against the Kurds. New Haven: Yale University.Google Scholar
İlhan, M. M. 1994–1995. “Erbil Vilayeti Mufassal ve Mücmel Tahrir Defteri (H. 949-M.1542)” Belgeler 16 (20): 1–150.Google Scholar
Kennedy, H. 2011. “The Feeding of the Five Hundred Thousand: Cities and Agriculture in Early Islamic Mesopotamia”. Iraq 73: 177–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koliński, R. 2018. “An Archaeological Reconnaissance in the Greater Zab Area of the Iraqi Kurdistan (UGZAR) 2012–2015” in Horejs, B., Schwall, C., Müller, V., Luciani, M., Ritter, M., Giudetti, M., Salisbury, R. B., Höflmayer, F. and Bürge, T., eds., Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 13–26.Google Scholar
Kopanias, K., Beuger, C., Carter, T., Fox, S., Hadjikoumis, A., Kourtessi-Philippakis, G., Livarda, A. and Macginnis, J.. 2013. “The Tell Nader and Tell Baqrta Project in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Preliminary Report of the 2011 Season”. Subartu 6–7: 23–57.Google Scholar
Kopanias, K., Beuger, C., Macginnis, J. and Ur, J.. 2016. “The Tell Baqrta Project in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq” in MacGinnis, J., Wicke, D. and Greenfield, T., eds., The Provincial Archaeology of the Assyrian Empire. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp. 117–128.Google Scholar
Kopanias, K. and Macginnis, J., eds. 2016. The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions. Oxford: Archaeopress.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopanias, K., Macginnis, J. and Ur, J., eds. 2015. Archaeological Projects in the Kurdistan Region in Iraq. Erbil: Directorate of Antiquities of the Kurdistan Regional Government.Google Scholar
Kosmin, P. 2014. The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kühne, H., ed. 2018. Water for Assyria. Studia Chaburensia 7. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lightfoot, D. R. 2009. Survey of Infiltration Karez in Northern Iraq: History and Current Status of Underground Aqueducts, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Report IQ/2009/SC/RP/1: UNESCO.Google Scholar
MacGinnis, J. 2013a. Erbil in the Cuneiform Sources. Erbil: Kurdish Regional Government Ministry of Culture and Youth.Google Scholar
MacGinnis, J. 2013b. “Qabra in the Cuneiform Sources”. Subartu 6–7: 3–10.Google Scholar
Masetti-Rouault, M. G. 2017. “A Summary of the 5th Campaign of the French Archaeological Mission at Qasr Shemamok (Kurdistan, Iraq), 21 September-19 October, 2016”. Ash-Sharq 1 (1): 112–123.Google Scholar
Morandi Bonacossi, D. 2014. “River Navigation and Transport in Northern Assyria: The Stone Quay-Walls of the Rivers Gomel and al-Khazir in the Navkur Plain, Iraqi Kurdistan” in Gaspa, S., Greco, A., Morandi Bonacossi, D., Ponchia, S. and Rollinger, R., eds., From Source to History: Studies on Ancient Near Eastern Worlds and Beyond Dedicated to Giovanni Battista Lanfranchi on the Occasion of this 65th Birthday on June 23, 2014. Münster: Ugarit Verlag, pp. 441–453.Google Scholar
Morandi Bonacossi, D. 2018. “Water for Nineveh: The Nineveh Irrigation System in the Regional Context of the ‘Assyrian Triangle,’ a First Geoarchaeological Assessment” in Kühne, H., ed., Water for Assyria. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 77–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morandi Bonacossi, D. and M, . Iamoni. 2015. “Landscape and Settlement in the Eastern Upper Iraqi Tigris and Navkur Plains (Northern Kurdistan Region, Iraq). The Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project, Seasons 2012–2013.” Iraq 77: 9–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mühl, S. 2013. Siedlungsgeschichte im mittleren Osttigrisgebiet: Vom Neolithikum bis in die neuassyrische Zeit, Abhandlungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft Band 28. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Nováček, K. 2008. “Research of the Arbil Citadel, Iraqi Kurdistan, First Season”. Památky Archeologické 49: 259–302.Google Scholar
Nováček, K. in press. “The Sasanian to Islamic Transition in Northeastern Mesopotamia: A Ceramological View” in R. Pierobon-Benoit, C. Coppini, R. Palermo and R. Pappalardo, eds., 'Dark Ages'? Identifying Markers of Transition in Mesopotamia and the Near East on a Diachronic Scale.Google Scholar
Nováček, K., Amin, N. a. M. and Melčák, M.. 2013. “A Medieval City Within Assyrian Walls: The Continuity of the Town of Arbil in Northern Mesopotamia”. Iraq 75: 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nováček, K., Melčák, M., Starková, L. and a, N.. Amin, M.. 2016. The Medieval Urban Landscape in Northeastern Mesopotamia. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Nováček, K. and Wood, P.. 2020. “The Monastic Landscape of Adiabene in the First Centuries of Islam”. Journal of Islamic Archaeology 7 (1): 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oates, D., Oates, J. and McDonald, H.. 2001. Excavations at Tell Brak, Vol. 2: Nagar in the Third Millennium BC. Cambridge and London: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research and the British School of Archaeology in Iraq.Google Scholar
Olson, K. G. and Rouse, L. M.. 2018. “A Beginner's Guide to Mesoscale Survey with Quadrotor-UAV Systems”. Advances in Archaeological Practice 6 (4): 357–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palermo, R. 2016. “Filling the Gap: The Iraqi Upper Tigris Region: Archaeological and Historical Perspective through the Data from the Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project” in Kopanias, K. and MacGinnis, J., eds., The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 277–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palermo, R. 2019. On the Edge of Empire: North Mesopotamia during the Roman Period. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palermo, R., De Jong, L. and Ur, J. A.. Under review. “Hellenistic landscapes and Seleucid control in Mesopotamia: The view from the Erbil Plain in North Iraq”.Google Scholar
Peyronel, L. and Vacca, A.. 2015. “Northern Ubaid and Late Chalcolithic 1–3 Periods in the Erbil Plain: New Insights from Recent Researches at Helawa, Iraqi Kurdistan”. Origini 37: 89–127.Google Scholar
Pfälzner, P., Sconzo, P. and Puljiz, I.. 2015. “First Results of the Eastern Habur Archaeological Survey in the Dohuk Region of Iraqi Kurdistan. The Season of 2013”. Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäeologie 8: 90–122.Google Scholar
Radner, K. 2006. “Provinz. C. Assyrien.” Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie 11: 42–68.Google Scholar
Resool, S. 1990. Destruction of a Nation. Self-published.Google Scholar
Rollinger, R. 2017. “Dāduša's Stela and the Vexed Question of Identifying the Main Actors on the Relief”. Iraq 79: 203–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouault, O. 2016. “Qasr Shemamok (ancient Kilizu), a Provincial Capital East of the Tigris: Recent Excavations and New Perspectives” in MacGinnis, J., Wicke, D. and Greenfield, T., eds., The Provincial Archaeology of the Assyrian Empire. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp. 151–162.Google Scholar
Rouault, O., Masetti-Rouault, M. G., Calini, I. and Defendenti, F.. 2014. “La Mission Archéologique Francaise à Qasr Shemamok/Kilizu, Kurdistan d'Irak. Première et Seconde Campagnes (2011–2012)”. Routes de l'Orient 1: 20–28.Google Scholar
Rouault, O., Masetti-Rouault, M. G., Calini, I., Macginnis, J., Ur, J. and Vitale, Q.. 2018. “Qasr Shemamok-Kilizu (Kurdistan d'Irak), les campagnes de 2011 (9 avril-15 mai et 16 octobre-5 novembre)” in Déroche, V., Masetti-Rouault, M. G. and Nicolle, C., eds., Études Mésopotamiennes – Mesopotamian Studies No. 1. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 212–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Safar, F. 1946. “Sennacherib's Project for Supplying Arbil with Water”. Sumer 2 (2): 50–52.Google Scholar
Safar, F. 1947. “Sennacherib's Project for Supplying Erbil with Water”. Sumer 3 (1): 23–25.Google Scholar
Sauer, E., Wilkinson, T. J., Omrani Rekavandi, H. and Nokandeh, J., eds. 2013. Persia's Imperial Power in Late Antiquity: The Great Wall of Gorgan and the Frontier Landscapes of Sasanian Iran. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
Schwartz, G. M., ed. 2015. Rural Archaeology in Early Urban Northern Mesopotamia: Excavations at Tell al-Raqa'i. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, G. M., Brinker, C. D., Creekmore, A. T., Feldman, M. H., Smith, A. and Weber, J. A.. 2017. “Excavation at Kurd Qaburstan, a Second Millennium BC Urban Site on the Erbil Plain”. Iraq: 1–43.Google Scholar
Sinha, A., Kathayat, G., Weiss, H., Li, H., Cheng, H., Reuter, J., Schneider, A. W., Berkelhammer, M., Adalı, S. F., Stott, L. D. and Edwards, R. L.. 2019. “Role of climate in the rise and fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire”. Science Advances 5 (11): eaax6656. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax6656CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soroush, M., Mehrtash, A., Khazraee, E. and Ur, J. A.. 2020. “Deep Learning in Archaeological Remote Sensing: Automated Qanat Detection in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq”. Journal of Remote Sensing 12 (3): 500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, G. J. 1999. Rethinking World-Systems: Diasporas, Colonies, and Interaction in Uruk Mesopotamia. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Stein, G. J., Fisher, M., Yashmi, R., Harris, S., Erkesuz, S., Babour, T., Wilson, V., Proctor, L., Alden, J., Minc, L. and Varoutsikos, B.. 2018. “Excavations at Surezha 2017”. Oriental Institute 2017–2018 Annual Report: 55–69.Google Scholar
Stone, E. C. 2008. “Patterns of Looting in Southern Iraq.” Antiquity 82: 125–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsoar, H. and Yekutieli, Y.. 1993. “Geomorphological Identification of Ancient Roads and Paths on the Loess of the Northern Negev”. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 41: 209–216.Google Scholar
Ur, J. A. 2003. “CORONA Satellite Photography and Ancient Road Networks: A Northern Mesopotamian Case Study”. Antiquity 77: 102–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, J. A. 2005. “Sennacherib's Northern Assyrian Canals: New Insights from Satellite Imagery and Aerial Photography”. Iraq 67 (1): 317–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, J. A. 2010a. “Cycles of Civilization in Northern Mesopotamia, 4400–2000 BC”. Journal of Archaeological Research 18 (4): 387–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, J. A. 2010b. Urbanism and Cultural Landscapes in Northeastern Syria: The Tell Hamoukar Survey, 1999–2001. Oriental Institute Publications 137. Chicago: University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Ur, J. A. 2017. “The Archaeological Renaissance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq”. Near Eastern Archaeology 80: 176–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, J. A. 2018. “Water for Arbail and Nimrud” in Kühne, H., ed., Water for Assyria. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 57–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, J. A. in press. “Remote Sensing of Ancient Canal and Irrigation Systems” in Rost, S., ed., Irrigation in Early States: New Directions. Chicago: University of Chicago Oriental Institute.Google Scholar
Ur, J. A. and Alizadeh, K.. 2013. “The Sasanian Colonization of the Mughan Steppe, Ardebil Province, Northwestern Iran”. Journal of Iranian Archaeology 4: 98–110.Google Scholar
Ur, J. A. and Blossom, J.. 2019. “Mapping Ancient Landscapes” in Wright, D. and Harder, C., eds., GIS for Science: Applying Mapping & Spatial Analytics. Redlands (CA): ESRI Press, pp. 142–165.Google Scholar
Ur, J. A., De Jong, L., Giraud, J., Osborne, J. F. and Macginnis, J.. 2013. “Ancient Cities and Landscapes in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey 2012 Season”. Iraq 75: 89–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ur, J. A. and Osborne, J. F.. 2016. “The Rural Landscape of the Assyrian Heartland: Recent Results from Arbail and Kilizu Provinces” in MacGinnis, J., Wicke, D. and Greenfield, T., eds., The Provincial Archaeology of the Assyrian Empire Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp. 163–174.Google Scholar
Ur, J. A. and Reade, J. E.. 2015. “The Hydraulic Landscape of Nimrud”. Mesopotamia 50: 25–51.Google Scholar
Vallet, R., Baldi, J. S., Naccaro, H., Rasheed, K., Saber, S. A. and Hamarasheed, S. J.. 2018. “New Evidence on Uruk Expansion in the Central Mesopotamian Zagros Piedmont”. Paléorient 43: 61–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Ess, M., Hausleiter, A., Hussein, H. H., Mohammed, N. B., Petiti, E. and Tourtet, F.. 2012. “Excavations in the City of Arbil, 2009–2011: The Neo-Assyrian Tomb”. Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäeologie 5: 105–165.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T. J. 2003. Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, T. J., French, C., Ur, J. A. and Semple, M.. 2010. “The Geoarchaeology of Route Systems in Northern Syria”. Geoarchaeology 25 (6): 745–771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, T. J. and Rayne, L.. 2010. “Hydraulic Landscapes and Imperial Power in the Near East”. Water History 2: 115–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, T. J. and Tucker, D. J.. 1995. Settlement Development in the North Jazira, Iraq. Warminster: Aris & Phillips, Ltd.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T. J., Wilkinson, E., Ur, J. A. and Altaweel, M.. 2005. “Landscape and Settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 340: 23–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziegler, N. 2000. “Aspects économiques des guerres de Samsî-Addu” in J. Andreau, P. Briant and R. Descat, eds., Economie antique. La guerre dans les économies antiques. Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges: Musée archéologique départemental, pp. 14–33.Google Scholar