Hostname: page-component-6bb9c88b65-9rk55 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-07-25T06:40:04.593Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evolution of gain enhancement techniques in dielectric resonator antenna: applications and challenges

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2023

Ankita H. Harkare Open the ORCID record for Ankita H. Harkare [Opens in a new window] ,
Ashwin G. Kothari  and
Ankit A. Bhurane
Ankita H. Harkare*
Affiliation:
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Nagpur, India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Nagpur, India
Ashwin G. Kothari
Affiliation:
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
Ankit A. Bhurane
Affiliation:
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India
*
Author for correspondence: Ankita H. Harkare, E-mail: ankitaharkare1187@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) are advantageous due to their small size, high radiation efficiency, ease of excitation, and minimal metallic losses. Enhancing the gain of DRA will make them suitable for a variety of applications such as wireless communication technology. High-gain antennas are required for wireless communication to overcome the difficulties of high path loss. The researchers have presented numerous techniques, including stacked DRA, DRA array, and higher-order mode excitation for enhancing the gain. This article provides a comprehensive summary of the state of art techniques and geometries including stacking, frequency-selective surfaces superstrate, electromagnetic band gap structures, hybrid techniques, arrays, etc., for increasing DRA gain. Techniques to improve other parameters like bandwidth and radiation efficiency along with gain are also discussed. The challenges in each technique and the possible applications are presented. Based on the studies, it is observed that the DRA array technique is suitable for obtaining gains up to 19 dBi for radar-based applications. For low-profile DRA requirements, hybrid DRAs prove prolific in enhancing gain up to 16 dBi.

Keywords

Dielectric resonator antenna (DRA)Gain EnhancementMode of ExcitationStacked DRAFSS SuperstrateEBG StructureHybrid DRADRA Array

Information

Type
Antenna Design, Modeling and Measurements
Information
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies , Volume 15 , Issue 5 , June 2023 , pp. 891 - 905
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with the European Microwave Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Keyrouz, S and Caratelli, D (2016) Dielectric resonator antennas: basic concepts, design guidelines, and recent developments at millimeter-wave frequencies. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAllister, MW, Andrew Long, S and Conway, GL (1983) Rectangular dielectric resonator antenna. Electronics Letters 19, 218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAllister, MW and Andrew Long, S (1984) Resonant hemispherical dielectric antenna. Electronics Letters 20, 657–659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kranenburg, RA and Long, SA (1988) Microstrip transmission line excitation of dielectric resonator antennas. Electronics Letters 24, 1156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petosa, A, Simons, N, Siushansian, R, Ittipiboon, A and Cuhaci, M (2000) Design and analysis of multisegment dielectric resonator antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 48, 738–742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leung, KW, Lim, EH and Fang, XS (2012) Dielectric resonator antennas: from the basic to the aesthetic. Proceedings of the IEEE 100, 2181–2193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, A and Gangwar, RK (2019) Hybrid rectangular dielectric resonator antenna for multiband applications. IETE Technical Review 37, 83–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nor, NM, Jamaluddin, MH, Kamarudin, MR and Khalily, M (2016) Rectangular dielectric resonator antenna array for 28 GHz applications. Progress in Electromagnetics Research 63, 53–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y, Denidni, T, Zeng, Q and Wei, G (2013) A wideband high-gain stacked cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters 43, 155–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulibaly, Y, Nedil, M, Talbi, L and Denidni, TA (2010) High gain cylindrical dielectric resonator with superstrate for broadband millimeter-wave underground mining communications. In 2010 14th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics & the American Electromagnetics Conference (pp. 1–4). IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, W, Li, Y, Jin, D, Su, L and Chen, S (2016) Millimetre-wave backhaul for 5G networks: challenges and solutions. Sensors 16, 892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rappaport, TS, Xing, Y, MacCartney, GR, Molisch, AF, Mellios, E and Zhang, J (2017) Overview of millimeter wave communications for fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks-with a focus on propagation models. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 65, 6213–6230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denidni, TA, Coulibaly, Y and Boutayeb, H (2009) Hybrid dielectric resonator antenna with circular mushroom-like structure for gain improvement. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 57, 1043–1049.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elboushi, A and Sebak, AR (2014) High gain hybrid DRA/horn antenna for MMW applications. In 2014 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI) (pp. 1968–1969). IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guha, D, Banerjee, A, Kumar, C and Antar, YM (2011) Higher order mode excitation for high-gain broadside radiation from cylindrical dielectric resonator antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 60, 71–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perron, A, Denidni, TA and Sebak, AR (2009) High-gain hybrid dielectric resonator antenna for millimeter-wave applications: design and implementation. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 57, 2882–2892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mu'ath, J, Denidni, TA and Sebak, AR (2013) Millimeter-wave EBG-based aperture-coupled dielectric resonator antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 61, 4354–4357.Google Scholar
Lai, Q, Fumeaux, C, Hong, W and Vahldieck, R (2010) 60 GHz aperture-coupled dielectric resonator antennas fed by a half-mode substrate integrated waveguide. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 58, 1856–1864.Google Scholar
Guha, D and Kumar, C (2016) Microstrip patch versus dielectric resonator antenna bearing all commonly used feeds: an experimental study to choose the right element. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 58, 45–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, R, Faraone, A, Miozzi, E, Ravanelli, R and Testa, O (2016) A high-gain mushroom-shaped dielectric resonator antenna for wideband wireless applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 64, 2848–2861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fakhte, S, Oraizi, H and Matekovits, L (2016) High gain rectangular dielectric resonator antenna using uniaxial material at fundamental mode. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 65, 342–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petosa, A and Thirakoune, S (2011) Rectangular dielectric resonator antennas with enhanced gain. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 59, 1385–1389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, YM and Zheng, SY (2015) A low-profile stacked dielectric resonator antenna with high-gain and wide bandwidth. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 15, 68–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esselle, KP (1996) A low-profile rectangular dielectric-resonator antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 44, 1296–1297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mongia, RK (1994) Low profile dielectric resonator antennas using a very high permittivity material. Electronics Letters 30, 1362–1363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, Y, Zhang, YP, Luk, KM and Yung, EK (1997) Gain-enhanced miniaturized rectangular dielectric resonator antenna. Electronics Letters 33, 350–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yarga, S, Sertel, K and Volakis, JL (2009) Multilayer dielectric resonator antenna operating at degenerate band edge modes. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 8, 287–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yarga, S, Sertel, K and Volakis, JL (2009) A directive resonator antenna using degenerate band edge crystals. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 57, 799–803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, JK and Kong, JA (1983) Dyadic Green's functions for layered anisotropic medium. Electromagnetics 3, 111–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eroglu, A and Lee, JK (2005) Far field radiation from an arbitrarily oriented Hertzian dipole in the presence of a layered anisotropic medium. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 53, 3963–3973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettis, GF (2008) Hertzian Dipoles and Microstrip Circuits on Arbitrarily Oriented Biaxially Anisotropic Media. New York: Syracuse University.Google Scholar
Fakhte, S and Oraizi, H (2016) Analysis and design of rectangular uniaxial and biaxial anisotropic dielectric resonator antennas. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C 62, 43–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kishk, AA (2005) Directive Yagi–Uda dielectric resonator antennas. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 44, 451–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xia, ZX and Leung, KW (2022) 3-D-printed wideband circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna with two printing materials. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 70, 5971–5976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bit-Babik, G, Di Nallo, C and Faraone, A (2004) Multimode dielectric resonator antenna of very high permittivity. In IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium, 2004. (Vol. 2, pp. 1383–1386). IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, B and Leung, KW (2005) A wideband strip-fed rectangular dielectric resonator antenna. In 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (Vol. 2, pp. 172–175). IEEE.Google Scholar
De Young, CS and Long, SA (2006) Wideband cylindrical and rectangular dielectric resonator antennas. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 5, 426–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hwang, Y, Zhang, YP, Zheng, GX and Lo, TK (1995) Planar inverted F antenna loaded with high permittivity material. Electronics Letters 31, 1710–1712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petosa, A, Thirakoune, S and Ittipiboon, A (2009) Higher-order modes in rectangular DRAs for gain enhancement. In 2009 13th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics and the Canadian Radio Science Meeting (pp. 1–4). IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mongia, RK and Bhartia, P (1994) Dielectric resonator antennas – a review and general design relations for resonant frequency and bandwidth. International Journal of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Computer-Aided Engineering 4, 230–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mongia, RK and Ittipiboon, A (1997) Theoretical and experimental investigations on rectangular dielectric resonator antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 45, 1348–1356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, QU, Ihsan, MB, Fazal, D, Malik, FM, Sheikh, SA and Salman, M (2016) Higher order modes: a solution for high gain, wide band patch antennas for different vehicular applications. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 66, 3548–3554.Google Scholar
Ali, I, Jamaluddin, MH, Gaya, A and Rahim, HA (2020) A dielectric resonator antenna with enhanced gain and bandwidth for 5G applications. Sensors 20, 675.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, XL and Denidni, TA (2008) H-shaped dielectric resonator antenna for wideband applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 7, 163–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fakhte, S, Oraizi, H and Matekovits, L (2017) Gain improvement of rectangular dielectric resonator antenna by engraving grooves on its side walls. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 16, 2167–2170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdulmajid, AA, Khamas, S and Zhang, S (2020) Wideband high-gain millimetre-wave three-layer hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C 103, 225–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, PF, Pan, YM, Zhang, XY and Zheng, SY (2016) A compact filtering dielectric resonator antenna with wide bandwidth and high gain. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 64, 3645–3651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, YM, Hu, PF, Zhang, XY and Zheng, SY (2016) A low-profile high-gain and wideband filtering antenna with metasurface. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 64, 2010–2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pan, YM, Leung, KW and Luk, KM (2011) Design of the millimeter-wave rectangular dielectric resonator antenna using a higher-order mode. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 59, 2780–2788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koul, SK (1997) Millimeter Wave Optical Dielectric Integrated Guides and Circuits. New York: Wiley-Interscience.Google Scholar
Ji, Y, Ge, L, Li, Y and Wang, J (2022) Wideband polarization agile dielectric resonator antenna with reconfigurable broadside and conical beams. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 70, 7169–7174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anwar, RS, Mao, L and Ning, H (2018) Frequency selective surfaces: a review. Applied Sciences 8, 1689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glybovski, SB, Tretyakov, SA, Belov, PA, Kivshar, YS and Simovski, CR (2016) Metasurfaces: from microwaves to visible. Physics Reports 634, 1–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munk, BA (2000) Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design, Vol. 29. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley Online Library.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vardaxoglou, JC (1997) Frequency Selective Surfaces: Analysis and Design. Boston, MA, USA: Research Studies Press.Google Scholar
Munk, BA (2005) Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Kapoor, A, Mishra, R and Kumar, P (2022) Frequency selective surfaces as spatial filters: fundamentals, analysis and applications. Alexandria Engineering Journal 61, 4263–4293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Celozzi, S, Araneo, R, Burghignoli, P and Lovat, G (2023) Frequency selective surfaces, in Electromagnetic Shielding: Theory and Applications, IEEE, 2023, pp. 363–408, doi: 10.1002/9781119736318.ch12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lalbakhsh, A, Afzal, MU, Esselle, KP and Smith, SL (2022) All-metal wideband frequency-selective surface bandpass filter for TE and TM polarizations. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 70, 2790–2800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfeiffer, C and Grbic, A (2013) Metamaterial Huygens’ surfaces: tailoring wave fronts with reflectionless sheets. Physical Review Letters 110, 197401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsilipakos, O, Koschny, T and Soukoulis, CM (2018) Antimatched electromagnetic metasurfaces for broadband arbitrary phase manipulation in reflection. ACS Photonics 5, 1101–1107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kesavan, A, Mantash, M, Zaid, J and Denidni, TA (2018) A dual-plane beam-sweeping millimeter-wave antenna using reconfigurable frequency selective surfaces. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 17, 1832–1836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niroo-Jazi, M and Denidni, TA (2012) Electronically sweeping-beam antenna using a new cylindrical frequency-selective surface. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 61, 666–676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belen, MA, Mahouti, P and Palandöken, M (2020) Design and realization of novel frequency selective surface loaded dielectric resonator antenna via 3D printing technology. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 62, 2004–2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rana, B, Chatterjee, A and Parui, SK (2015) Gain enhancement of a direct microstrip line fed dielectric resonator antenna using FSS. In 2015 IEEE Applied Electromagnetics Conference (AEMC) 2015 Dec 18 (pp. 1–2). IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rana, B, Chatterjee, A and Parui, SK (2016) Gain enhancement of a dual-polarized dielectric resonator antenna using polarization independent FSS. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 58, 1415–1420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akbari, M, Gupta, S, Farahani, M, Sebak, AR and Denidni, TA (2016) Gain enhancement of circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna based on FSS superstrate for MMW applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 64, 5542–5546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karimian, R, Kesavan, A, Nedil, M and Denidni, TA (2016) Low-mutual-coupling 60-GHz MIMO antenna system with frequency selective surface wall. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 16, 373–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, JR, Lima, EB, Medeiros, CR and Fernandes, CA (2011) Evaluation of a new wideband slot array for MIMO performance enhancement in indoor WLANs. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 59, 1200–1206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kakhki, MB, Mousavirazi, Z and Denidni, TA (2019) High gain ridge gap dielectric resonator antenna using FSS superstrates. In 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting 2019 Jul 7 (pp. 71–72). IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chauhan, M, Rajput, A and Mukherjee, B (2021) Wideband circularly polarized low profile dielectric resonator antenna with meta superstrate for high gain. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications 128, 153524.Google Scholar
Das, G, Sahu, NK, Sharma, A, Gangwar, RK and Sharawi, MS (2019) FSS-based spatially decoupled back-to-back four-port MIMO DRA with multidirectional pattern diversity. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 18, 1552–1556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pandey, AK, Chauhan, M, Killamsety, VK and Mukherjee, B (2019) High-gain compact rectangular dielectric resonator antenna using metamaterial as superstrate. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering 29, e21968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukherjee, B, Patel, P and Mukherjee, J (2015) A novel hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna with complementary split-ring-shaped slots and resonator for wideband and low cross-polar applications. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 57, 120–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adas, E, De Flaviis, F and Alexopoulos, NG (2018) Realization of scan blindness free finite microstrip phased arrays based on mode-free radiating electromagnetic bandgap materials. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 66, 3375–3382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mourtzios, C and Siakavara, K (2017) Contribution of non-uniform EBG antenna arrays to the enhancement of MIMO channel capacity. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications 82, 334–340.Google Scholar
Wang, M and Chu, QX (2019) A wideband polarization-reconfigurable water dielectric resonator antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 18, 402–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinzie, WE, Nair, DM, Thrasher, BA, Smith, MA, Hughes, ED and Parisi, JM (2016) 60-GHz $2×2$ LTCC patch antenna array with an integrated EBG structure for gain enhancement. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 15, 1522–1525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mabrouk, IB, Nedil, M, Denidni, TA and Sebak, AR (2019) A novel design of radiation pattern-reconfigurable antenna system for millimeter-wave 5G applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 68, 2585–2592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Hassan, MAJ (2015) Millimeter-wave Electromagnetic Band-gap Structures for Antenna and Antenna Arrays Applications (Doctoral dissertation), Quebec and Canada: Université du Québec, Institut national de la recherche scientifique.Google Scholar
Mabrouk, IB, E'qab, RF, Nedil, M and Denidni, TA (2019) Hybrid isolator for mutual-coupling reduction in millimeter-wave MIMO antenna systems. IEEE Access 7, 58466–58474.Google Scholar
Abdelaal, MA and Kishk, AA (2016) Dielectric resonator antenna gain improvement using electromagnetic band gap surface for radar applications. In 2016 17th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics (ANTEM) 2016 Jul 10 (pp. 1–2). IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mu'ath, J, Denidni, TA and Sebak, AR (2012) EBG dielectric-resonator antenna with reduced back radiation for millimeter-wave applications. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation 2012 Jul 8 (pp. 1–2). IEEE.Google Scholar
Coulibaly, Y, Boutayeb, H, Denidni, TA and Talbi, L (2007) Gain enhancement of a dielectric resonator antenna using a cylindrical electromagnetic crystal substrate. In 2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 2007 Jun 9 (pp. 1325–1328). IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xia, ZX and Leung, KW (2018) Gain enhancement of rectangular dielectric resonator antenna using EBG surface. In 2018 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP) 2018 Aug 5 (pp. 102–103). IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Y, Yeo, J and Mittra, R (1999) Investigation of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures for antenna pattern control. In IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium 2003 Jun 22 (Vol. 2, pp. 1115–1118). IEEE.Google Scholar
Sinha, M, Killamsetty, V and Mukherjee, B (2018) Near field analysis of RDRA loaded with split ring resonators superstrate. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 60, 472–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, S, McAllister, M and Shen, L (1983) The resonant cylindrical dielectric cavity antenna. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 31, 406–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jazi, MN and Denidni, TA (2008) Design and implementation of an ultrawideband hybrid skirt monopole dielectric resonator antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 7, 493–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Alem, Y and Kishk, AA (2019) Wideband millimeter-wave dielectric resonator antenna with gain enhancement. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 18, 2711–2715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attia, H and Kishk, AA (2017) Wideband self-sustained DRA fed by printed ridge gap waveguide at 60 GHz. In 2017 IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) 2017 Oct 8 (pp. 1–3). IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramaccia, D, Toscano, A and Bilotti, F (2011) A new accurate model of high-impedance surfaces consisting of circular patches. Progress in Electromagnetics Research M 21, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tong, C, Hauke, KI, Yang, N and Leung, KW (2022) Compact wideband circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna with dielectric vias. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 21, 1100–1104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, C, Zheng, SY, Pan, YM and Chen, Z (2022) Millimeter-wave fully integrated dielectric resonator antenna and its multi-beam application. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 70, 6571–6580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kramer, O, Djerafi, T and Wu, K (2011) Very small footprint 60 GHz stacked Yagi antenna array. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 59, 3204–3210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, RD and Parihar, MS (2017) Differentially fed wideband rectangular DRA with high gain using short horn. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 16, 1804–1807.Google Scholar
Esselle, KP (2007) A low-profile compact microwave antenna with high gain and wide bandwidth. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 55, 1880–1883.Google Scholar
Baldazzi, E, Al-Rawi, A, Cicchetti, R, Smolders, AB, Testa, O, van Coevorden Moreno, CD and Caratelli, D (2020) A high-gain dielectric resonator antenna with plastic-based conical horn for millimeter-wave applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 19, 949–953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varshney, G, Pandey, VS and Yaduvanshi, RS (2018) Axial ratio bandwidth enhancement of a circularly polarized rectangular dielectric resonator antenna. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 10, 984–990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agouzoul, A, Nedil, M, Coulibaly, Y, Denidni, TA, Mabrouk, IB and Talbi, L (2011) Design of a high gain hybrid dielectric resonator antenna for millimeter-waves underground applications. In 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI) 2011 Jul 3 (pp. 1688–1691). IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moustafa, L and Jecko, B (2010) Design of a wideband highly directive EBG antenna using double-layer frequency selective surfaces and multifeed technique for application in the Ku-band. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 9, 342–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodes, E, Diblanc, M, Arnaud, E, Monediere, T and Jecko, B (2007) Dual-band EBG resonator antenna using a single-layer FSS. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 6, 368–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, KZ and Wu, TT (2022) Dual-band circularly polarized hybrid dielectric resonator antenna with gain enhancement. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications 146, 154121.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y, Deng, JY, Li, MJ, Sun, D and Guo, LX (2019) A MIMO dielectric resonator antenna with improved isolation for 5G mm-wave applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 18, 747–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkarkraoui, T, Delisle, GY, Hakem, N and Coulibaly, Y (2014) High gain cross DRA antenna array for underground communications. In 2014 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI) 2014 Jul 6 (pp. 1942–1943). IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zandieh, A, Abdellatif, AS, Taeb, A and Safavi-Naeini, S (2017) High resistivity silicon DRA array for millimeter-wave high gain applications. In 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS) 2017 Jun 4 (pp. 857–860). IEEE.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukherjee, B, Patel, P and Mukherjee, J (2020) A review of the recent advances in dielectric resonator antennas. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 34, 1095–1158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gangwar, RK, Ranjan, P and Aigal, A (2017) Four element triangular dielectric resonator antenna for wireless application. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, 113–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, LL, Ke, YH and Chen, JX (2020) An X-band gain-enhanced bidirectional antenna array using strip-loaded dielectric resonator operating in TE3δ1 mode. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, 915–921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qureshi, AA, Klymyshyn, DM, Tayfeh, M, Mazhar, W, Börner, M and Mohr, J (2017) Template-based dielectric resonator antenna arrays for millimeter-wave applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 65, 4576–4584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Z, Shen, C, Liu, H, Ye, X, Qi, L, Yao, Y, Yu, J and Chen, X (2019) Millimeter-wave rectangular dielectric resonator antenna array with enlarged DRA dimensions, wideband capability, and high-gain performance. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 68, 3271–3276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdalmalak, KA, Althuwayb, AA, Lee, CS, Botello, GS, Falcón-Gómez, E, García-Castillo, LE and García-Muñoz, LE (2022) Standing-wave feeding for high-gain linear dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array. Sensors 22, 3089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varshney, G and Sahana, BC (2022) Implementing the single/multiport tunable terahertz circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna. Nano Communication Networks 32, 100408.Google Scholar
Malekar, RR, Raut, H, Shevada, L and Kumar, S (2021) A review on MIMO dielectric resonator antenna for 5G application. Micro-Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering: Proceedings of 4th ICMETE 2020. 2021 May 29, pp. 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hou, D, Hong, W, Goh, WL, Chen, J, Xiong, YZ, Hu, S and Madihian, M (2014) D-band on-chip higher-order-mode dielectric-resonator antennas fed by half-mode cavity in CMOS technology. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 56, 80–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar