In these three lectures I propose to discuss the problems of treatment at liberty. Treatment is used in the widest sense to describe treatment both in the psychological or psychiatric sense as well as penal treatment. Each is presumed to be effective for certain cases in certain circumstances; they clearly bear a relationship to one another and both have to be taken together in examining the effect of all that the courts or other agencies do as the result of an offence.

C'est une assistante sociale de Châteauroux, Mlle Alliot, qui s'occupe de manière fréquente des Tsiganes, qui m'a permis de soupçonner les nombreux problèmes que posent la vie et la circulation des nomades en France. Elle a su me convaincre qu'une étude un peu approfondie serait extrêmement intéressante.

The body of sociological, anthropological and psychological literature about aggressive behavior is considerable. Little research has been carried out, however, on the extents to which societies around the world manifest various forms of aggression. Such research has been largely confined to murder and suicide in a few societies. While theories about murder and suicide are numerous and diverse, theory relevant to cross-cultural variations in other types of aggression is minimal. This paper sets forth data regarding the extents to which 58 non-literate societies manifest 18 forms of aggression. Analyses are then made of the relationships between frustration engendered by child training socialization practices and those forms of aggression. Various other theoretical formulations concerning aggression are also considered.

Burglary and schizophrenia; delinquency and hallucinations. Lucky Luciano and Strindberg. Prima facie only wild fantasies could find some etiological common denominators between these two grossly divergent phenomena. The end products are, no doubt, widely dissimilar: The paraphrenic confiding with a secretive glint in his eyes that the catholic Church is conspiring to poison his morning tea and a joe Adonis presiding with sleek efficiency over an empire of gambling, drugs and prostitutes. The overt initiations are also totally different: A suddent death of a relative, the desertion by a mate, the infidelity of a lover turn one from a seemingly “normal” individual into a catatonic crouching in the corner and supporting, a la Atlas, with quivering hands a massive nothingness. The professional thief, became one, through identification with delinquent roles association with other criminals and adoption through learning of criminal techniques and values. The similarity begins on a prior level of analysis. When early socialization is still rather close to the point of bifurcation into predispositions to social deviance or functional psychoses. First of all the etiological schemes themselves are quite similar in their structure. Schizophrenia is believed to develop by a feed-back cycle triggered by loss, deprivation or other personal tragedies in the vulnerable transitory periods of the puerperium, adolescence, menopause, etc. However, a predisposition to psychosis which has crystallized presumably in early childhood has to be present for the later event to catalize the onset of schizophrenia. In criminology we hypothesize in like manner that a predisposition to delinquency is incurred by a youth growing up in a broken or inadequate family, in neighbourhoods of high delinquency rates, and in societies suffering from normative disintegration (anomie). These factors, which should be expressed ideally in probabilistic terms, raise the chances that an individual is initiated into the life of crime through later dynamic processes of role-playing and associations. Here again the later “recruiting” precesses would be of no avail if the ground has not been previously fertilized (or rather polluted) by the factors in early socialization which have predisposed the youth to delinquency.

One of the most exasperating problems social workers of the South African prisoners' aid society, Social Services Association of South Africa, have to deal with, is the educating of the public with regard to the need of the ex-prisoner to be accepted by the community. Although Social Services Association was established in 1910, and despite information on its activities being published regularly, it is a regrettable fact that the difficulties which face ex-prisoners are still not sufficiently appreciated by the general public. Exceptions—fortunately—can be made: there is a small group of informed people spread all over the country which aims at assisting them in their rehabilitation. This group understands that a prisoners' aid society has a twofold function in that it helps the public as much as the ex-prisoner: rehabilitation leads to crime-prevention and protection of the community.

I. — Développement des affaires criminelles et de la lutte contre les délits

La statistique criminelle de la police reflète le développement des affaires criminelles en Allemagne. Selon cette statistique, on a enregistré un total de 1 917 445 crimes et délits (ne sont pas compris les délits de circulation et ceux contre la sûreté de l'Etat). Par rapport à l'année précédente la criminalité a donc connu une augmentation de 128 126 délits, soit de 7,2 %. Pendant le même laps de temps la population a augmenté de 1,1 % seulement. Tout cela représente une augmentation de la fréquence (nombre des délits sur 100 000 habitants) de 6 %. Le chiffre absolu se monte à 3 123.

SUMARIO. — I. — Preliminares. II. — Nuevo Codigo Procesal Civil y Comercial para la Republica Argentina. III. — Ley complementaria y modificatoria del Codigo Penal. IV. — Ley complementaria y modificatoria del Codigo Civil. V. — Ley modificatoria de la denominacion de la Direccion Nacional de Institutos Penales. VI. — La cuestion de los anticonceptivos intrauterinos. Resolucion n° 663/68 del Ministerio de Salud Publica de la Provincia de Tucuman (R.A.).

Durante el transcurso del año 1968, han sido sancionadas en la Republica Argentina, importantes leyes que hacen, a los codigos de fondo y forma civil y penal. Se impone pues su comentario en razon de dos hechos:

1° Para hacer conocer los nuevos textos legales que encierran interes tanto para el criminologo, como para el jurista y el medico-legista;

2° Para destacar las particularidades que encierran los mismos.

During the year 1968 only a few amendments of the penal legislation have been effected:

1. — The law penalizing public drunkenness (drunkenness which gives offence or creates a disturbance in a public place) was repealed by a law of August 9th 1968. Drunks are thus no longer fined, except when a public official is drunk while on service or when someone appears drunk at a dance hall or similar “public festivity” and thus gives offence.

The law came into force on January 1st and it is too early to evaluate its effects. It is however estimated that the annual number of fine sentences will decrease by approximately 60 000 and that the number of prisoners serving conversion sentences for unpaid fines will sharply decrease. It was possible to use the results of a criminological research project investigating the preventive effect of drunkenness fines (Patrik Törnudd: Fines for drunkenness—a problem of criminal policy, Alkoholpolitik 1/1967) in the preparation of the law reform.

2. — The sanction termed “loss of civil rights” was finally abolished by a law which came into force 1.2.1969. This sanction—mainly used in theft cases and certain grave felonies—has kept many released prisoners from voting, holding positions of trust, getting jobs, etc.

3. — A fine sentence reform law will come into force on June 1st 1969. According to this law a person who is unable to pay his fines and who has no property or salary that can be attached, cannot automatically be sent to prison as before. Instead, the court will decide whether he is to be sent to prison and for which time: the court may also stipulate that the conversion sentence is to be conditional or revoke the sentence. The aim of the law—which in many respects is modeled after the Swedish fine legislation—is to reduce the large number of prisoners serving conversion sentences for unpaid fines.

Ante todo nos referiremos, como date basico, a la situación económica y social del país durante el pasado año. El Gobierne y el pueblo en general se quejan de la mala situación económica, habiéndose solicitado en un plane internacional la equiparación del Uruguay a los países mas pobres de Sud América, a los efectos de tener ciertas ventajas comerciales. Pero esto es pesimismo mal fundamentado, puesto que Jas estadíticas publicadas por especialistas en economía comparada demuestran que el Uruguay, con una renta anual promedio de mas de 300 dólares por persona, ocupa una posición media en este aspecto en el conjunto de las naciones. En cuanto a la situación social, haremos notar que hubo grandes disturbios, sobre todo a cargo de dirigentes bancarios y de estudiantes. Los asaltes para robar han aumentado considerablemente, robándose alrededor de un millón de pesos por día (4 mil dólares), lo cual para un país chico es mucho.