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Prisoners as the Forgotten Patients: A Rights-Based Argument for Psychotherapy in Indian Prisons

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 August 2025

R. Renjini
Affiliation:
Department of Forensic Science, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Srivilliputhur, Tamil Nadu, India
M.C. Janaki*
Affiliation:
Department of Forensic Science, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Srivilliputhur, Tamil Nadu, India
G. Arun Kumar
Affiliation:
Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
*
Corresponding author: M. C. Janaki; Email drjanakimc@gmail.com

Abstract

This paper highlights the forgotten mental health crisis inside Indian prisons. While thousands of inmates suffer from psychological distress, ranging from trauma to depression to violent outbursts, there is no formal system for psychotherapy in most jails. This silence is not just a public health failure; it violates the Indian Constitution, especially Article 21, which guarantees the right to life and dignity. The paper argues that denying psychotherapy to prisoners is a form of institutional violence, and it contradicts both national laws like the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 and international agreements such as the United Nations Nelson Mandela Rules. Using real-life examples, legal precedents and government reports, the study shows that prisoners are being psychologically punished rather than reformed. The paper calls for urgent reforms, starting with mental health screening at admission, tele-therapy partnerships with institutions like the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) and the recognition of therapy as a basic legal right in the prison system. This work fills a major research gap by framing psychotherapy in prisons not as a welfare option but as a constitutional and human rights obligation, an argument rarely made in Indian academic or policy literature.

Abstracto

Abstracto

Este artículo destaca la olvidada crisis de salud mental en las cárceles indias. Mientras miles de reclusos sufren angustia psicológica, que abarca desde traumas y depresión hasta arrebatos violentos, no existe un sistema formal de psicoterapia en la mayoría de las cárceles. Este silencio no solo constituye un fracaso de la salud pública; viola la Constitución india, especialmente el artículo 21, que garantiza el derecho a la vida y la dignidad. El artículo argumenta que negar psicoterapia a los reclusos constituye una forma de violencia institucional y contradice tanto leyes nacionales como la Ley de Atención Sanitaria Mental (2017) como acuerdos internacionales como las Reglas Nelson Mandela de la ONU. Utilizando ejemplos de la vida real, precedentes legales e informes gubernamentales, el estudio muestra que los reclusos reciben castigo psicológico en lugar de ser reformados. El artículo exige reformas urgentes, comenzando por la evaluación de la salud mental al ingreso, la colaboración en teleterapia con instituciones como NIMHANS y el reconocimiento de la terapia como un derecho fundamental en el sistema penitenciario. Este trabajo llena un importante vacío de investigación al enmarcar la psicoterapia en prisiones no como una opción de bienestar, sino como una obligación constitucional y de derechos humanos, un argumento poco frecuente en la literatura académica o política india.

Abstrait

Abstrait

Cet article met en lumière la crise oubliée de la santé mentale au sein des prisons indiennes. Alors que des milliers de détenus souffrent de détresse psychologique, allant du traumatisme à la dépression en passant par des accès de violence, la plupart des prisons ne disposent d’aucun système formel de psychothérapie. Ce silence n’est pas seulement un échec en matière de santé publique; il viole la Constitution indienne, en particulier son article 21, qui garantit le droit à la vie et à la dignité. L’article soutient que refuser une psychothérapie aux détenus constitue une forme de violence institutionnelle et contredit à la fois les lois nationales, comme la loi sur les soins de santé mentale (2017), et les accords internationaux, comme les Règles Nelson Mandela des Nations Unies. À partir d’exemples concrets, de précédents juridiques et de rapports gouvernementaux, l’étude démontre que les détenus sont punis psychologiquement plutôt que réformés. L’article appelle à des réformes urgentes, à commencer par un dépistage des troubles mentaux à l’admission, des partenariats de téléthérapie avec des institutions comme le NIMHANS, et la reconnaissance de la thérapie comme un droit fondamental au sein du système pénitentiaire. Ce travail comble une lacune majeure en matière de recherche en présentant la psychothérapie en prison non pas comme une option sociale, mais comme une obligation constitutionnelle et liée aux droits humains, un argument rarement avancé dans la littérature universitaire et politique indienne.

摘要

摘要

本文重点探讨了印度监狱内部被遗忘的心理健康危机。成千上万的囚犯饱受心理困扰,从创伤到抑郁,再到暴力爆发,但大多数监狱却缺乏正式的心理治疗体系。这种沉默不仅是公共卫生的败笔,也违反了印度宪法,尤其是保障生命权和尊严权的第21条。本文认为,拒绝为囚犯提供心理治疗是一种制度暴力,既违反了⟪精神卫生法⟫(2017年)等国家法律,也违反了⟪联合国曼德拉规则⟫等国际协议。该研究结合现实生活中的案例、法律先例和政府报告,表明囚犯正在遭受心理惩罚,而非被改造。本文呼吁立即进行改革,首先是入狱时进行心理健康筛查,与印度国家精神卫生和精神健康研究所(NIMHANS)等机构合作开展远程治疗,并承认心理治疗是监狱系统的一项基本合法权利。这项研究填补了一项重大研究空白,它认为监狱中的心理治疗并非一种福利选择,而是一项宪法和人权义务,而这一论点在印度学术或政策文献中很少被提及。

ملخص

ملخص

تُسلّط هذه الورقة البحثية الضوء على أزمة الصحة النفسية المنسية داخل السجون الهندية. فبينما يُعاني آلاف السجناء من ضائقة نفسية، تتراوح بين الصدمات النفسية والاكتئاب ونوبات الغضب العنيف، لا يوجد نظام رسمي للعلاج النفسي في معظم السجون. هذا الصمت ليس مجرد فشل في مجال الصحة العامة؛ بل إنه ينتهك الدستور الهندي، وخاصة المادة 21 منه، التي تضمن الحق في الحياة والكرامة. تُجادل الورقة البحثية بأن حرمان السجناء من العلاج النفسي يُعدّ شكلاً من أشكال العنف المؤسسي، ويتعارض مع القوانين الوطنية، مثل قانون الرعاية الصحية النفسية (2017)، والاتفاقيات الدولية، مثل قواعد مانديلا للأمم المتحدة. باستخدام أمثلة واقعية، وسوابق قانونية، وتقارير حكومية، تُظهر الدراسة أن السجناء يُعاقبون نفسياً بدلاً من إصلاحهم. تدعو الورقة البحثية إلى إصلاحات عاجلة، تبدأ بفحص الصحة النفسية عند الدخول، وشراكات العلاج عن بُعد مع مؤسسات مثل المعهد الوطني للصحة النفسية والعقلية (NIMHANS)، والاعتراف بالعلاج النفسي كحق قانوني أساسي في نظام السجون. يسد هذا العمل ثغرة بحثية رئيسية من خلال تأطير العلاج النفسي في السجون ليس كخيار رعاية اجتماعية، بل كالتزام دستوري وحقوقي، وهي حجة نادرًا ما تُطرح في الأدبيات الأكاديمية أو السياسية الهندية.

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© International Society of Criminology, 2025

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