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Multiple and Habitual Offending Among Young Males: Criminology and Criminal Policy Lessons from A Re-Analysis of the Philadelphia Birth Cohort Studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2025

Elmar G.M. Weitekamp
Affiliation:
Institute of Criminology, University of Tübingen, Germany
Hans-Jürgen Kerner
Affiliation:
Institute of Criminology, University of Tübingen, Germany
Axel Schubert
Affiliation:
Institute of Criminology, University of Tübingen, Germany
Volkhard Schindler
Affiliation:
Institute of Criminology, University of Tübingen, Germany

Abstract

Repeat offender concepts aren’t new. However no concept has ever gained as much attention as the chronic offender concept whose definition was based upon the results of the Philadelphia birth cohort studies of Wolfgang, Figlio and Sellin. In our re-analyses, for the 1945 birth cohort, we were unable to find the severity escalation effect suggested by the chronic offender concept in the minds of career criminals. We did, however, find it for the 1958 cohort. Further analyses revealed that in both cohorts, over two thirds of all offenses and in particular of the majority of violent offenses were committed as first, second, third or fourth offense, thus before anyone could be labelled as a chronic offender, according to its definition. Therefore criminal justice policies based on the chronic offender concept are of little use and can lead to desastrous consequences.

Résumé

Résumé

Les concepts de délinquant répétitif ne sont pas nouveaux. Cependant, aucun concept n’a autant captivé l’attention que le concept de délinquant chronique développé à partir des résultats des études des cohortes de naissance réalisées à Philadelphie par Wolfgang, Figlio et Sellin. Nos ré-analyses ne nous ont pas permis de trouver dans la cohortes de naissance de 1945 l’effet d’escalade de gravité que suggère pour les criminels de carrière le concept de délinquant chronique. Nous l’avons, en revanche, constaté pour la cohorte de1958. Les nouvelles analyses ont révélé que, dans les cohortes de naissance, plus des deux tiers de l’ensemble des infractions et en particulier de la majorité des infractions violentes, ont été commises comme première, deuxième, troisième ou quatrième infraction, donc avant que quelqu’un puisse être conformément à la définition catalogué comme délinquant chronique.Dès lors, les politiques criminelles basées sur la concept de délinquant chronique sont peu utiles et peuvent mener à des conséquences désastreuses.

Résumen

Résumen

Los conceptos que atañen al «delincuente repetivo» no son nuevos. Sin embargo, ningúm otro concepto ha llamado tanto la atención como el de delincuente crónico, concepto desarrollado a partir de los resultados de los estudios de las cohortes de nacimiento realizados en Filadelfia por Wolfgang, Figlio y Sellin. Nuestros nuevos analisis no nos han permitido encontrar en la cohorte de nacimiento de 1945 el efecto de escalada hacia la agravación sugerido por el concepto de delincuente crónico en lo que respecta a los criminales de carrera. En cambio, hemos encontrado dicho efecto en la cohorte de 1958. Estos nuevos analisis han revelado que, en las cohortes de nacimiento, más de dos tercios del conjunto de infracciones y, en particular, de la magoría de las infracciones violentas, fueron cometidas como primera, segunda, tercera o cuarta infracción, o sea, antes que alguien pueda ser -conformemente a la definición- catalogado como delincuente crónico. Por ende, las políticas criminológicas basadas en el concepto de delincuente crónico no son útiles y pueden llevar a consecuencias desastrosas.

Information

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 International Society for Criminology

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Footnotes

(1)

This research was supported by a grant from the German Research Foundation. Points of view or opinions expressed herin are our own and do not necessarily represent those of the German Research Foundation.

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