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India’s New Criminal Statutes: Turning Point or Mere Window Dressing? An Assessment of the First Six Months

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 July 2025

Pawan Kumar*
Affiliation:
Amity Law School, Amity University, Noida, India
Kashish Jain
Affiliation:
Amity Law School, Amity University, Noida, India
Bhavya Sharma
Affiliation:
Amity Law School, Amity University, Noida, India
*
Corresponding author: Pawan Kumar; Email: pawan.cnlu@gmail.com

Abstract

With great fanfare, India officially launched its new criminal laws – the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam – on 1 July 2024. These laws were heralded as a significant reform aimed at modernizing the country’s justice system and enhancing protections for victims of violence. The legislation sparked considerable optimism among various stakeholders by promising swift justice and fostering a more responsive police force. However, at six months after their implementation, a critical assessment was warranted. How effective have these laws proven to be in practice? Are the judiciary and police adapting to these changes, or are we merely witnessing another instance of legislative overreach that fails to translate into real-world improvements? This analysis urges us to examine the real impact of these statutes to assess whether they offer a genuine solution to the longstanding challenges within the Indian criminal justice system or if they are simply another bureaucratic illusion. As we examine the initial outcomes and responses from law enforcement and the judiciary, it is essential to evaluate the efficacy of the new provisions in the context of ongoing systemic challenges and societal attitudes toward justice. This evaluation will determine whether these legislative measures have genuinely ushered in a new era of accountability and victim support, or if they have fallen victim to the inertia of existing institutional practices. In this paper we examine the changes and effectiveness brought by these laws as we unchain ourselves from colonial laws.

Abstracto

Abstracto

Con gran bombo y platillo, India presentó oficialmente sus nuevas leyes penales – Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita y Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam – el 1 de julio de 2024. Estas leyes se anunciaron como una reforma significativa destinada a modernizar el sistema judicial del país y mejorar la protección de las víctimas de violencia. La legislación despertó un gran optimismo entre diversas partes interesadas al prometer una justicia rápida y fomentar una fuerza policial más receptiva. Sin embargo, seis meses después de su implementación, se justifica una evaluación crítica: ¿Cuán efectivas han sido estas leyes en la práctica? ¿Se están adaptando el poder judicial y la policía a estos cambios, o simplemente estamos presenciando otro caso de extralimitación legislativa que no se traduce en mejoras reales? Este análisis nos insta a examinar el impacto real de estas leyes para evaluar si ofrecen una solución genuina a los desafíos persistentes del sistema de justicia penal indio o si son simplemente otra ilusión burocrática. Al examinar los resultados y las respuestas iniciales de las fuerzas del orden y el poder judicial, es fundamental evaluar la eficacia de las nuevas disposiciones en el contexto de los desafíos sistémicos actuales y las actitudes sociales hacia la justicia. Esta evaluación determinará si estas medidas legislativas han marcado el comienzo de una nueva era de rendición de cuentas y apoyo a las víctimas, o si han sido víctimas de la inercia de las prácticas institucionales existentes. En este artículo, examinamos los cambios y la eficacia que aportaron estas leyes a medida que nos liberamos de las leyes coloniales.

Abstrait

Abstrait

Le 1er juillet 2024, l’Inde a officiellement lancé en grande pompe ses nouvelles lois pénales : la Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, la Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita et la Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam. Ces lois ont été présentées comme une réforme importante visant à moderniser le système judiciaire du pays et à renforcer la protection des victimes de violences. La législation a suscité un optimisme considérable parmi les différentes parties prenantes, promettant une justice rapide et favorisant une police plus réactive. Cependant, six mois après leur mise en oeuvre, une évaluation critique s’impose : quelle est l’efficacité de ces lois dans la pratique ? Le système judiciaire et la police s’adaptent-ils à ces changements, ou sommes-nous simplement témoins d’un nouvel excès législatif qui ne se traduit pas par des améliorations concrètes ? Cette analyse nous incite à examiner l’impact réel de ces lois afin de déterminer si elles offrent une véritable solution aux défis persistants du système de justice pénale indien ou s’il s’agit simplement d’une nouvelle illusion bureaucratique. Alors que nous examinons les premiers résultats et réponses des forces de l’ordre et du système judiciaire, il est essentiel d’évaluer l’efficacité des nouvelles dispositions au regard des défis systémiques actuels et des attitudes sociétales envers la justice. Cette évaluation permettra de déterminer si ces mesures législatives ont véritablement inauguré une nouvelle ère de responsabilisation et de soutien aux victimes, ou si elles ont été victimes de l’inertie des pratiques institutionnelles existantes. Dans cet article, nous examinons les changements et l’efficacité apportés par ces lois, alors que nous nous libérons des lois coloniales.

摘要

摘要

2024年7月1日,印度隆重宣布正式颁布了新的刑法——⟪印度正义院⟫(BNS)、⟪印度正义院⟫(BNSS)和⟪印度正义院⟫(BSA)。这些法律被誉为一项重大改革,旨在实现国家司法体系现代化,并加强对暴力受害者的保护。该法案承诺迅速伸张正义,并致力于打造一支反应更迅速的警队,这在各利益相关方中引发了相当大的乐观情绪。 然而,在实施六个月后,我们有必要进行一次批判性评估:这些法律在实践中究竟有多有效?司法部门和警察部门是否正在适应这些变化?还是我们仅仅目睹了又一次立法过度,未能转化为现实改善的案例?这项分析促使我们审视这些法规的实际影响,以评估它们是否真正解决了印度刑事司法体系中长期存在的挑战,还是仅仅是又一次官僚主义的幻觉。 在我们审视执法和司法部门的初步成果和应对措施时,必须结合持续存在的系统性挑战和社会对司法的态度,评估这些新条款的有效性。这项评估将决定这些立法措施是否真正开启了问责和受害者支持的新时代,还是沦为现有制度实践惯性的牺牲品。本文将探讨这些法律在我们摆脱殖民法律束缚的过程中带来的变化及其有效性。

ملخص

ملخص

بضجة كبيرة، أطلقت الهند رسميًا قوانينها الجنائية الجديدة - بهاراتيا نيايا سانهيتا (BNS)، وبهاراتيا ناجاريك سوراكشا سانهيتا (BNSS)، وبهاراتيا ساكشيا أدهينيام (BSA) - في الأول من يوليو/تموز 2024. وقد أُشيد بهذه القوانين باعتبارها إصلاحًا هامًا يهدف إلى تحديث نظام العدالة في البلاد وتعزيز حماية ضحايا العنف. وقد أثار هذا التشريع تفاؤلًا كبيرًا لدى مختلف الجهات المعنية، إذ وعد بتحقيق عدالة سريعة وتعزيز استجابة الشرطة. ومع ذلك، وبعد ستة أشهر من تطبيقه، لا بد من إجراء تقييم نقدي: ما مدى فعالية هذه القوانين عمليًا؟ هل يتكيف القضاء والشرطة مع هذه التغييرات، أم أننا نشهد مجرد مثال آخر على تجاوز تشريعي يفشل في ترجمة تحسينات ملموسة على أرض الواقع؟ يحثنا هذا التحليل على دراسة الأثر الحقيقي لهذه القوانين لتقييم ما إذا كانت تُقدم حلاً حقيقياً للتحديات القائمة منذ فترة طويلة في نظام العدالة الجنائية الهندي، أم أنها مجرد وهم بيروقراطي آخر. وبينما ندرس النتائج الأولية واستجابات جهات إنفاذ القانون والقضاء، من الضروري تقييم فعالية الأحكام الجديدة في سياق التحديات النظامية المستمرة والمواقف المجتمعية تجاه العدالة. سيحدد هذا التقييم ما إذا كانت هذه التدابير التشريعية قد بشرت بالفعل بعهد جديد من المساءلة ودعم الضحايا، أم أنها وقعت ضحية لجمود الممارسات المؤسسية القائمة. في هذه الورقة، ندرس التغييرات والفعالية التي أحدثتها هذه القوانين مع تحررنا من قيود القوانين الاستعمارية.

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© International Society of Criminology, 2025

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