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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 May 2025
One explanation for the dearth of comparative studies of penal severity is the unhappy reality that such endeavors inevitably encounter methodological problems of a forbidding nature. While some problems of conceptualization and measurement have proven to be insurmountable, thus precluding the testing of theory in a definitive, universal sense (accross all jurisdictions and for all time), such impediments should not deter prospective researchers altogether. While a few problems will remain intractable, others can be mitigated or circumvented through a judicious choice of measurement strategy and research design. What does exist for the comparative researcher is the inviting opportunity to formulate general propositions, then to test them in a succession of different, albeit limited settings (Zetterberg, 1966. pp. 126-8).
The author wishes to acknowledge the support of the Rüssel Sage Foundation, and the helpful advice of colleagues in the preparation of this essay.