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Citizenship Fraud in Kuwait: Causes, Consequences and Criminological Insights

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2025

Nasser AlSabah
Affiliation:
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, USA Kuwait National Police, Ministry of Interior, Kuwait City, Kuwait
Khaled S. Al-Rashidi*
Affiliation:
College of Law, Kuwait University, Kuwait
*
Corresponding author: Khaled S. Al-Rashidi; Email: khaled.alrashidi2@ku.edu.kw

Abstract

Citizenship fraud poses a global threat to the integrity and governance of nation-states. In Kuwait, it has long been a critical issue, prompting recent decisive measures to address fraudulent citizenship claims. These illegitimate claims undermine national identity and security. This article frames citizenship fraud as a global phenomenon and presents Kuwait as a case study, examining its historical challenges and recent anti-fraud efforts. To explain the occurrence and persistence of this issue, the study applies Cressey’s Fraud Triangle, a prominent criminological theory, while also incorporating structural factors unique to the Kuwaiti context. Furthermore, the paper advocates for a public criminology approach to address broader challenges facing the discipline in Kuwait and the Arab region. By analysing Kuwait’s current anti-fraud campaign and exploring future deterrence strategies, this study fills a gap in the literature on fraudulent nationality claims, offering a rare criminological perspective on a complex and politically sensitive issue.

Abstracto

Abstracto

El fraude de ciudadanía representa una amenaza global para la integridad y la gobernanza de los estados-nación. En Kuwait, ha sido un problema crítico desde hace tiempo, lo que ha impulsado recientemente medidas decisivas para abordar las solicitudes fraudulentas de ciudadanía. Estas solicitudes ilegítimas socavan la identidad y la seguridad nacionales. Este artículo enmarca el fraude de ciudadanía como un fenómeno global y presenta a Kuwait como un caso de estudio, examinando sus desafíos históricos y las recientes iniciativas antifraude. Para explicar la ocurrencia y persistencia de este problema, el estudio aplica el Triángulo del Fraude de Cressey, una destacada teoría criminológica, a la vez que incorpora factores estructurales propios del contexto kuwaití. Además, el documento aboga por un enfoque de criminología pública para abordar los desafíos más amplios que enfrenta la disciplina en Kuwait y la región árabe. Al analizar la actual campaña antifraude de Kuwait y explorar futuras estrategias de disuasión, este estudio llena un vacío en la literatura sobre solicitudes fraudulentas de nacionalidad y ofrece una perspectiva criminológica poco común sobre un tema complejo y políticamente sensible.

Abstrait

Abstrait

La fraude à la citoyenneté constitue une menace mondiale pour l’intégrité et la gouvernance des États-nations. Au Koweït, elle constitue depuis longtemps un problème crucial, ce qui a récemment donné lieu à des mesures décisives pour lutter contre les demandes frauduleuses de citoyenneté. Ces demandes illégitimes portent atteinte à l’identité et à la sécurité nationales. Cet article présente la fraude à la citoyenneté comme un phénomène mondial et présente le Koweït comme une étude de cas, examinant ses défis historiques et les récentes mesures de lutte contre la fraude. Pour expliquer l’occurrence et la persistance de ce problème, l’étude applique le triangle de la fraude de Cressey – une théorie criminologique de premier plan – tout en intégrant des facteurs structurels propres au contexte koweïtien. De plus, l’article préconise une approche criminologique publique pour relever les défis plus vastes auxquels cette discipline est confrontée au Koweït et dans la région arabe. En analysant la campagne antifraude actuelle au Koweït et en explorant les futures stratégies de dissuasion, cette étude comble une lacune dans la littérature sur les demandes frauduleuses de nationalité et offre une perspective criminologique rare sur une question complexe et politiquement sensible.

摘要

摘要

公民身份欺诈对民族国家的完整性和治理构成全球性威胁。在科威特,这个问题长期以来一直至关重要,促使该国近期采取果断措施,以解决公民身份欺诈问题。这些非法行为损害了国家认同和安全。本文将公民身份欺诈视为一种全球现象,并以科威特为例,探讨其历史挑战和近期的反欺诈举措。为了解释这一问题的发生和持续性,本研究运用了克雷西的“欺诈三角”——一个著名的犯罪学理论——并融入了科威特独有的结构性因素。此外,本文倡导采用公共犯罪学方法来应对科威特和阿拉伯地区该学科面临的更广泛挑战。通过分析科威特当前的反欺诈行动并探索未来的威慑策略,本研究填补了关于国籍欺诈的文献空白,并为这一复杂且政治敏感的问题提供了难得的犯罪学视角。

ملخص

ملخص

يُشكل تزوير الجنسية تهديدًا عالميًا لسلامة الدول وحوكمتها. وفي الكويت، لطالما شكّل هذا الأمر قضيةً حرجةً، مما دفع إلى اتخاذ تدابير حاسمة مؤخرًا لمعالجة المطالبات الاحتيالية بالجنسية. تُقوّض هذه المطالبات غير المشروعة الهوية الوطنية والأمن الوطني. تُؤطّر هذه المقالة تزوير الجنسية كظاهرة عالمية، وتُقدّم الكويت كدراسة حالة، مُستعرضةً تحدياتها التاريخية وجهود مكافحتها مؤخرًا. لتفسير حدوث هذه المشكلة واستمرارها، تُطبّق الدراسة نظرية “مثلث الاحتيال” لكريسي - وهي نظرية إجرامية بارزة - مع دمج عوامل هيكلية فريدة في السياق الكويتي. علاوةً على ذلك، تدعو الورقة إلى اتباع نهج علم إجرامي عام لمعالجة التحديات الأوسع التي تواجه هذا التخصص في الكويت والمنطقة العربية. من خلال تحليل حملة الكويت الحالية لمكافحة الاحتيال واستكشاف استراتيجيات الردع المستقبلية، تُسد هذه الدراسة ثغرة في الأدبيات المتعلقة بمطالبات الجنسية الاحتيالية، وتُقدم منظورًا إجراميًا نادرًا لقضية مُعقدة وحساسة سياسيًا.

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© International Society of Criminology, 2025

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