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Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Proceedings: Criminalistics, Criminal Procedure and Psychology Issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2025

Viktor Shevchuk*
Affiliation:
Department of Criminalistics, Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Tetiana Morozova
Affiliation:
Department of Professional Psychology, National Academy of the Security Service of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Hennadii Chornyi
Affiliation:
Department of Criminalistics, Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Vladyslav Nehrebetskyi
Affiliation:
Department of Criminalistics, Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Inna Slobodenіuk
Affiliation:
Department of Law Enforcement and Special Legal Disciplines, Educational and Scientific Institute of Law, National University of Water Management and Nature Management, Rivne, Ukraine
*
Corresponding author: Viktor Shevchuk; Email: shevchuk.vikrtor@gmail.com

Abstract

The study aimed to examine the criminalistic, criminal procedural and psychological issues associated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in criminal proceedings. The study employed a comprehensive approach, comprising a survey of 64 criminal justice professionals (investigators, prosecutors, judges, lawyers and forensic experts) from six regions of Ukraine, an analysis of relevant legal acts and a content analysis of court decisions. The research methodology employed a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, including statistical analysis, analysis of variance and case studies of foreign experiences. The analysis of Ukrainian legal acts revealed the absence of special rules regulating the use of AI in criminal proceedings, although the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine in Articles 84–94 provides for the possibility of using technical means in the collection and examination of evidence. The study of court practice revealed that in 73.5% of cases, the defence filed a motion to declare inadmissible evidence obtained using AI, and 41.2% of these motions were granted. In 83.7% of decisions where such evidence was declared admissible, it was considered as part of the expert’s opinion. The results of the survey revealed critical problems with the use of AI, particularly the lack of an adequate regulatory framework (4.72 points out of 5), insufficient interpretability of the results of AI systems (4.54 points) and the difficulty of verifying the results of digital evidence analysis (4.48 points). The most important forensic issues identified were the limited ability of AI systems to contextually analyse evidence (86.4% of respondents) and the difficulty of verifying digital evidence-processing algorithms (84.1% of respondents). The study proposes a comprehensive approach to addressing the identified problems, encompassing the regulatory, legal, organizational and methodological aspects of integrating AI technologies into criminal proceedings. The study’s results can be used to enhance the regulatory framework and inform methodological recommendations for law enforcement agencies and the training of specialists in the field of criminal justice.

Abstracto

Abstracto

El estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar las cuestiones criminalísticas, procesales y psicológicas asociadas con el uso de tecnologías de inteligencia artificial en los procesos penales. El estudio empleó un enfoque integral, que comprendió una encuesta a 64 profesionales del sistema de justicia penal (investigadores, fiscales, jueces, abogados y peritos forenses) de seis regiones de Ucrania, un análisis de la legislación pertinente y un análisis de contenido de las decisiones judiciales. La metodología de investigación empleó una combinación de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos, incluyendo análisis estadístico, análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y estudios de casos de experiencias extranjeras. El análisis de la legislación ucraniana reveló la ausencia de normas especiales que regulen el uso de la inteligencia artificial en los procesos penales, si bien el Código de Procedimiento Penal de Ucrania, en sus artículos 84 a 94, contempla la posibilidad de utilizar medios técnicos en la recopilación y el examen de pruebas. El estudio de la práctica judicial reveló que, en el 73,5 % de los casos, la defensa presentó una solicitud para declarar inadmisibles las pruebas obtenidas mediante inteligencia artificial, y el 41,2 % de estas solicitudes fueron admitidas. En el 83,7% de las decisiones en las que se declaró admisible dicha prueba, esta se consideró parte del dictamen pericial. Los resultados de la encuesta revelaron problemas críticos en el uso de la inteligencia artificial, en particular la falta de un marco regulatorio adecuado (4,72 puntos sobre 5), la insuficiente interpretabilidad de los resultados de los sistemas de inteligencia artificial (4,54 puntos) y la dificultad para verificar los resultados del análisis de evidencia digital (4,48 puntos). Los problemas forenses más importantes identificados fueron la limitada capacidad de los sistemas de IA para analizar la evidencia contextualmente (86,4% de los encuestados) y la dificultad para verificar los algoritmos de procesamiento de evidencia digital (84,1% de los encuestados). El estudio propone un enfoque integral para abordar los problemas identificados, que abarca los aspectos regulatorios, legales, organizativos y metodológicos de la integración de las tecnologías de inteligencia artificial en los procesos penales. Los resultados del estudio pueden utilizarse para mejorar el marco regulatorio e informar sobre las recomendaciones metodológicas para las fuerzas del orden y la formación de especialistas en el ámbito de la justicia penal.

Abstrait

Abstrait

L’étude visait à examiner les enjeux criminalistiques, procéduraux et psychologiques liés à l’utilisation des technologies d’intelligence artificielle dans les procédures pénales. L’étude a adopté une approche globale, comprenant une enquête auprès de 64 professionnels de la justice pénale (enquêteurs, procureurs, juges, avocats et experts médico-légaux) de six régions d’Ukraine, une analyse des textes juridiques pertinents et une analyse de contenu des décisions de justice. La méthodologie de recherche a utilisé une combinaison de méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives, notamment l’analyse statistique, l’analyse de la variance (ANOVA) et des études de cas d’expériences étrangères. L’analyse des textes juridiques ukrainiens a révélé l’absence de règles spécifiques régissant l’utilisation de l’intelligence artificielle dans les procédures pénales, bien que le Code de procédure pénale ukrainien, dans ses articles 84 à 94, prévoie la possibilité de recourir à des moyens techniques pour la collecte et l’examen des preuves. L’étude de la pratique judiciaire a révélé que dans 73,5 % des cas, la défense a déposé une requête en irrecevabilité des preuves obtenues grâce à l’intelligence artificielle, et que 41,2 % de ces requêtes ont été accueillies. Dans 83,7 % des décisions où de telles preuves ont été déclarées admissibles, elles ont été prises en compte dans l’avis de l’expert. Les résultats de l’enquête ont révélé des problèmes critiques liés à l’utilisation de l’intelligence artificielle, notamment l’absence de cadre réglementaire adéquat (4,72 points sur 5), l’incompréhensibilité des résultats des systèmes d’intelligence artificielle (4,54 points) et la difficulté de vérifier les résultats de l’analyse des preuves numériques (4,48 points). Les problèmes médico-légaux les plus importants identifiés étaient la capacité limitée des systèmes d’IA à analyser contextuellement les preuves (86,4 % des répondants) et la difficulté de vérifier les algorithmes de traitement des preuves numériques (84,1 % des répondants). L’étude propose une approche globale pour résoudre les problèmes identifiés, englobant les aspects réglementaires, juridiques, organisationnels et méthodologiques de l’intégration des technologies d’intelligence artificielle dans les procédures pénales. Les résultats de l’étude peuvent servir à améliorer le cadre réglementaire et à éclairer les recommandations méthodologiques destinées aux forces de l’ordre et à la formation des spécialistes du domaine de la justice pénale.

摘要

摘要

本研究旨在探讨人工智能技术在刑事诉讼中的应用所带来的犯罪学、刑事程序学和心理学问题。研究采用综合方法,包括对来自乌克兰六个地区的64名刑事司法专业人员(调查员、检察官、法官、律师和法医专家)进行问卷调查,分析相关法律法规,以及对法院判决进行内容分析。研究方法结合了定量和定性方法,包括统计分析、方差分析(ANOVA)和国外经验案例研究。对乌克兰法律法规的分析表明,尽管乌克兰⟪刑事诉讼法⟫第84-94条规定了在证据收集和审查中使用技术手段的可能性,但乌克兰缺乏专门的规则来规范人工智能在刑事诉讼中的使用。法院实践研究表明,在73.5%的案件中,辩方提出了宣布使用人工智能获取的证据不予采纳的动议,其中41.2%的动议获得批准。在83.7%的此类证据被认定为可采纳的裁决中,专家意见被纳入考量。调查结果揭示了人工智能应用存在的关键问题,特别是缺乏完善的监管框架(4.72分(满分5分))、人工智能系统结果的可解释性不足(4.54分)以及数字证据分析结果难以验证(4.48分)。最重要的法医问题是人工智能系统对证据进行情境分析的能力有限(86.4%的受访者)以及数字证据处理算法难以验证(84.1%的受访者)。该研究提出了一种综合性的方法来解决已发现的问题,涵盖了将人工智能技术融入刑事诉讼的监管、法律、组织和方法论方面。研究结果可用于加强监管框架,并为执法机构提供方法论建议以及培训刑事司法领域的专业人员。

ملخص

ملخص

هدفت الدراسة إلى دراسة الجوانب الجنائية والإجرائية والنفسية المرتبطة باستخدام تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في الإجراءات الجنائية. اعتمدت الدراسة نهجًا شاملًا، شمل استطلاع رأي 64 متخصصًا في مجال العدالة الجنائية (محققون، ومدعون عامون، وقضاة، ومحامون، وخبراء في الطب الشرعي) من ست مناطق في أوكرانيا، وتحليلًا للنصوص القانونية ذات الصلة، وتحليلًا لمحتوى قرارات المحاكم. اعتمدت منهجية البحث على مزيج من الأساليب الكمية والنوعية، بما في ذلك التحليل الإحصائي، وتحليل التباين (ANOVA)، ودراسات حالة للتجارب الأجنبية. كشف تحليل النصوص القانونية الأوكرانية عن غياب قواعد خاصة تنظم استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي في الإجراءات الجنائية، على الرغم من أن قانون الإجراءات الجنائية الأوكراني ينص في المواد من 84 إلى 94 على إمكانية استخدام الوسائل التقنية في جمع الأدلة وفحصها. كشفت دراسة ممارسات المحاكم أنه في 73.5% من القضايا، قدم الدفاع طلبات لإعلان عدم قبول الأدلة المُستقاة باستخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي، وقد قُبلت 41.2% من هذه الطلبات. في 83.7% من القرارات التي أُعلن فيها قبول هذه الأدلة، اعتُبرت جزءًا من رأي الخبير. كشفت نتائج الاستطلاع عن مشاكل حرجة في استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي، لا سيما عدم وجود إطار تنظيمي مناسب (4.72 نقطة من 5)، وعدم كفاية إمكانية تفسير نتائج أنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي (4.54 نقطة)، وصعوبة التحقق من نتائج تحليل الأدلة الرقمية (4.48 نقطة). كانت أهم القضايا الجنائية التي تم تحديدها هي القدرة المحدودة لأنظمة الذكاء الاصطناعي على تحليل الأدلة سياقيًا (86.4% من المجيبين) وصعوبة التحقق من خوارزميات معالجة الأدلة الرقمية (84.1% من المجيبين). تقترح الدراسة نهجًا شاملاً لمعالجة المشاكل المحددة، يشمل الجوانب التنظيمية والقانونية والتنظيمية والمنهجية لدمج تقنيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في الإجراءات الجنائية. يمكن استخدام نتائج الدراسة لتعزيز الإطار التنظيمي وإبلاغ التوصيات المنهجية لوكالات إنفاذ القانون وتدريب المتخصصين في مجال العدالة الجنائية.

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© International Society of Criminology, 2025

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