⁽¹⁾ Horst Schuler-Springorum, «Criminology as a Congress Issue», International Annals of Criminology, Vol. 27, n^os 1 and 2, 1989, pp. 33-34.

⁽²⁾ Vito Tanzi, «Corruption, Governmental Activities and Markets», Finance and Development, Vol. 32, December 1995.

⁽³⁾ Francisco Thoumi, Political Economy and Illegal Drugs in Colombia, London, Lynne Rienner, 1995. This research was funded by the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. See also the larger collaborative research study of Francisco Thoumi, ed. in Drogas ilicitas en Colombia Su impacto economico, politico y social, Bogota, Colombia, Areiel, PNUD, Ministro de Justicia y del Derecho, 1997.

⁽⁴⁾ Thoumi, Political Economy and Illegal Drugs in Colombia, p. 200.

⁽⁵⁾ Alejando Reyes Posada, « Compra de tierras por narcotraficantes » in Drogas ilicitas en Colombia Su impacto economico, politico y social, ed. Francisco Thoumi, Bogota, Colombia, Areiel, PNUD, Ministro de Justicia y del Derecho, 1997, pp. 279-346.

⁽⁶⁾ Thoumi, Political Economy and Illegal Drugs in Colombia, p. 200.

⁽⁷⁾ Ibid, pp. 1-5.

⁽⁸⁾ Ibid., pp. 343-44.

⁽⁹⁾ Ibid, p. 248.

⁽¹⁰⁾ Pasuk Phongpaichit, « Sugsidh Piriyarangasan and Nualnoi Treerat », Guns Girls Gambling Ganja. Thailand's Illegal Economy and Public Policy, Chiang Mai, Silkworm Books, 1998.

⁽¹¹⁾ Ibid., 127-42 and Jorge Orlando Melo, «The Drug Trade, Politics and the Economy : The Colombian Experience », in Latin America and the Multinational Drug Trade, eds. Elizabeth Joyce and Carlos Malamud, New York, St. Martin Press, 1998, pp. 63-96.

⁽¹²⁾ « Financial Unit of the Strategic Intelligence Section », Colombian Economic Reform : The Impact of Money Laundering within the Colombian Economy, Washington D.C., Drug Enforcement Administration, September 1994 and Luigi Manzetti, Privatiation South American Style, New York, Oxford, 1999.

⁽¹³⁾ See for example Andras Sajo, « Corruption, Clientelism, and the Future of the Constitutional State in Eastern Europe », East European Constitutional Review, Vol. 7, n° 2, (Spring 1998), pp. 37-46 and A.I. Dolgova, ed. Organizovannaia Prestupnost, Vol. 2, Moscow, Criminological Association, 1993.

⁽¹⁴⁾ Svetlana Glinkina, « The role of non-socialized sector in perestroika : Present states and prospects », Privatization and Entrepreneurship in Post-Socialist Countries, eds. Bruno Dallago, Gianmaria Ajani and Bruno Grancelli, New York, St. Martin's Press, pp. 327342.

⁽¹⁵⁾ Svetlana Glinkina, « Privatizatsiya and Kriminalizatsiya How Organized Crime is Hijacking Privatization», Demokratizatsiya, Vol. II, n° 3, Summer 1994, pp. 385-91.

⁽¹⁶⁾ Svetlana Glinkina, «The Ominous Landscape of Russian Corruption », Transitions, March 1998, and V.V. Luneev, Prestupnost’ XX veka, Moscow, Norma, 1997, pp. 277-278.

⁽¹⁷⁾ Pablo Fajnzylber, Daniel Lederman and Norman Loayza, « Crime and Victimization : An Economic Perspective », Economia, Fall 2000, p. 224.

⁽¹⁸⁾ Some research is available on the World Bank website. See for example Daniel Lederman, « Crime in Argentina : A Preliminary Assessment » and Daniel Lederman, Norman Loayza and Ana Maria Menendez, «Violent Crime : Does Social Capital Matter?» at www.worldbank.org/laccrime.

⁽¹⁹⁾ Cesar Chelala, Violence in the Americas : The Social Pandemic of the 20th Century, Washington D.C., Pan American Health Organization, 1997, p. 13.

⁽²⁰⁾ Fajnzylber et. al, p. 224.

⁽²¹⁾ Ibid, p. 264.

⁽²²⁾ Ibrahim A. Elbadawi and Njuguna S. Ndung'u, « The Economics of Civil Wars and Post-Conflict Recovery », paper presented at DECRG/University of California, Irvine Conference on «Civil Wars and Post-Conflict Transitions», May 18-19, 2001.

⁽²³⁾ See the World Bank website at www.worldbank.org/research/conflict for more description of this research information on individual case studies.

⁽²⁴⁾ Seminario Internacional de Direito Penal e Criminologia, Mortes Anunciadas a (des) Proteção da Vida Na America Latina, Salvador, Bahia, 4-7 December 1988. The conference was organized by Raul Zaffaroni, Eliane Botelho Janqueira and Nilo Batista. Other distinguished participants in this team included such Latin American criminologists as Luis Rodriguez Manzanera, Luis de la Barreda and Rosa del Olmo. The research team was led by Eugenio Raul Zaffaroni. See his latest work that places these issues in a large theoretical perspective Eugenio Raul Zaffaroni, Alejandro Alagia and Alejandro Slokar, Derecho Penal Parte General, Buenos Aires, Ediar, 2001.

⁽²⁵⁾ For a discussion of some of the research of the Nucleo de Estudos da Violencia see Paul Chevigny, Edge of the Knife Police Violence in the Americas, New York, The New Press, 1995, pp. 145-179.

⁽²⁶⁾ Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, « Police and Political Crisis : The Case of the Military Police », in Vigilantism and the State in Modern Latin America Essays on Extralegal Violence, ed. Martha K. Huggins, New York, Praeger 1991, p. 167. The book is a follow-up to the 1988 Bahia Conference.

⁽²⁷⁾ Guaracy Mingardi, Tiras, gansos e trutas : cotidiano e reforma na policia civil, Sao Paolo, Scritta, 1992.

⁽²⁸⁾ Jonny Steinberg, ed. Crime Wave : The South African Underworld and Its Foes, Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press, 2001 and see essay on this by Eric Pelser, «South Africa's Criminal Cultire », Foreign Policy, September-October 2001, pp. 80-82.

⁽²⁹⁾ Tibimanya mwene Mushanga, «Twenty Years of State Violence in Uganda», in Criminology in Africa, UNICRI series, Criminology in Developing Countries, Rome, UNICRI, 1992, pp. 78-80.

⁽³⁰⁾ See for example Pino Arlacchi, Mafia Business The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, London, Verson, 1986; Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia The Business of Private Protection, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1993.

⁽³¹⁾ Francisco Thoumi et. al, Drogas ilicitas en Colombia. Su impacto economico, politico y social, pp. 279-346 and Patricia Bibes, « Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism : Colombia, a Case Study», Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 17, n° 3, 2001, pp. 250-2 for a discussion of Thoumi.

⁽³²⁾ Rogelio Perez Perdomo and Ruth Capriles Mendez, Corrupcion y Control Una perspectiva comparada, Caracas, IES A, 1991.

⁽³³⁾ Analysis of crime in the Far East see A.G. Korchagin, V.A. Nomokonov and V.I. Shulga, Organizovannaia prestupnost’ i bor'ba s nei (Organized Crime and the Struggle with It), Vladivostok, 1995, Organizovannia Prestupnost’ Dal'nego Vostoka : Obshchie i regional'nye cherty (Organized Crime of the Far East General and Regional Characteristics), Vladivostok, 1998, and V.A. Nomokonov and V.I. Shulga, «Murder for Hire as a Manifestation of Organized Crime », Demokratizatsiya, Vol. 6, n° 4, 1998, pp. 676-80.

⁽³⁴⁾ A.L. Repetskaya, « Kriminologicheskaia khrakteristika organizovannoi prestupnosti v Sibiri (1994-99) » (Criminological characteristics of organized crime in Siberia) Organizovannaia prestupnost’ i korruptsiia, Vol. 3, 2000, pp. 36-42.

⁽³⁵⁾ B.V. Volzhenkin, Sluzhebnye Prestupleniia (Official Crime), Moscow, Iurist, 2000; Yuriy A. Voronin, «The Emerging Criminal State : Economic and Political Aspects of Organized Crime in Russia », in Phil Williams (ed), Russian Organized Crime : The New Threat, London, Frank Cass, 1997, pp. 53-55.

⁽³⁶⁾ Phongpaichit et. al., pp. 262-4.