Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-r5d9c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-08-24T14:06:35.121Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Infection Control Considerations for In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer Programs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Peter Axelrod  and
George H. Talbot
Peter Axelrod*
Affiliation:
Infectious Diseases Section, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and the Infection Control Section, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
George H. Talbot
Affiliation:
Infectious Diseases Section, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and the Infection Control Section, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
*
Infection Control, 1-Gibson, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) is a process in which human ova are obtained by laparoscopic ovarian follicular puncture, fertilized in vitro by capacitated donor sperm, and introduced transcervically into the uterus. The prospective mother's ovarian cycle is usually stimulated with either clomiphene citrate, human menopausal gonadotropin, or both, so that multiple aspiratable follicles are produced. Follicular development is monitored by ultrasound and by serial serum or urine estrogen determinations. When adequate follicular development has been achieved, a pre-ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotropin is administered.

Information

Type
Special Sections
Information
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology , Volume 7 , Issue 7 , July 1986 , pp. 373 - 379
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

1.Wolf, DP, Quigley, MM: Human In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. New York, Plenum Press, 1984, p 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2.Moss, TR, Steptoe, PC: Chlamydia trachomatis: Importance in in vitro fertilization? J R Soc Med 1984;77:70–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3.Henry-Suchet, J, Catalan, F, Loffredo, V, et al: Chlamydia trachomatis associated with chronic inflammation in abdominal specimens from women selected for tuboplasty. Fertil Steril 1981;36:599–605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4.Klein, JO, Remington, JS, Marcy, SM: Current concepts of infections of the fetus and newborn infant, in Remington, JS, Klein, JO (eds): Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1983, pp 1–26.Google Scholar
5.Stewart, GJ, Cunningham, AL, Driscoll, GL, et al: Transmission of human T cell lymphotropic virus type III by artificial insemination by donor. Lancet 1985;2:581–584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Riedel, HH, Baukloh, V, Mettler, L: Is the sperm bacteriology important for the results of in vitro fertilization? Andrologia 1984;16:259–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Rowland, GF, Moss, TR: In vitro fertilization, previous ectopic pregnancy, and Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Lancet 1985;2:830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Inactivated hepatitis B virus vaccine. MMWR 1982;31:317–328.Google Scholar
9.Szmuness, W: Hepatocellular carcinoma and the hepatitis B virus: Evidence for a causal association. Prog Med Virol 1978;24:40–69.Google ScholarPubMed
10.Stevens, CE, Beasley, RP, Tsui, J, et al: Vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen in Taiwan. N Engl J Med 1975;292:771–774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Okada, K, Yamada, T, Miyakawa, Y, et al: Hepatitis B surface antigen in the serum of infants after delivery from asymptomatic carrier mothers. J Pediatr 1975;87:360–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Schweitzer, IL, Mosley, JW, Aschcavai, M, et al: Factors influencing neonatal infection by hepatitis B virus. Gastroenterology 1973;65:277–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Skinhoj, P, Olesen, H, Cohn, J, et al: Hepatitis-associated antigen in pregnant women. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand(B) 1972;80:362–366.Google ScholarPubMed
14.Papaevangelou, GJ: Hepatitis B in infants. N Engl J Med 1973;288:972.Google Scholar
15.Punyagupta, S, Olson, LC, Harinasuta, U, et al: The epidemiology of hepatitis B antigen in a high prevalence area. Am J Epidemiol 1973;97:349–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Tong, MJ, Thursby, M, Rakela, J, et al: Studies on the maternal-infant transmission of the viruses which cause acute hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1981;80:999–1004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Okada, K, Kamiyama, I, Inomata, M, et al: E Antigen and anti-e in the serum of asymptomatic carrier mothers as indicators of positive and negative transmission of hepatitis B virus to their infants. N Engl J Med 1976;294:746–749.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Beasley, RP, Palmer, R, Hwang, L-Y: Postnatal infectivity of hepatitis B surface antigen carrier mothers. J Infect Dis 1983;147:185–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Schweitzer, IL, Dunn, AEG, Peters, RL, et al: Viral hepatitis B in neonates and infants. Am J Med 1973;55:762–771.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Beasley, RP, Hwant, L-Y, Lee, GC, et al: Prevention of pei inatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet 1983;2:1099–1102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Stevens, CE, Toy, PT, long, MJ, et al: Perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission in the United States; Prevention by passive-active immunization. JAMA 1985; 253:1740–1745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Kanai, K, Takehiro, A, Noto, H, et al: Prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) to children of e antigen-positive HBV carrier mothers by hepatitis B immune globulin and HBV vaccine. J Infect Dis 1985;151:287–290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Chung, WK, Yoo, JY, Sun, HS, et al: Prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus: A comparison between the efficacy of passive and passive-active immunization in Korea. J Infect Dis 1985;151:280–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24.Robinson, WS: Hepatitis B virus and the delta agent, in Mandel, GL, Douglas, RG Jr, Bennett, JE (eds): Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1985, pp 1002–1029.Google Scholar
25.Syphilis in the United States. MMWR 1984;33:433–436.Google Scholar
26.McKelvey, JL, Turner, TB: Syphilis and pregnancy; An analysis of the outcome of pregnancy in relation to treatment in 943 cases. JAMA 1934;102:503–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27.Curtis, AC, Osgoode, SP Jr: Prenatal syphilis. Med Clin North Am 1964;48:707–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.McCord, JR: Prenatal treatment of syphilis: Some results of antisyphilitic treatment in a series of 519 pregnant syphilitic colored women. American Journal of Syphilis 1932;16:78–85.Google Scholar
29.Thomas, EW: Syphilis: Its Course and Management. New York, Macmillan Co, 1949, p 1.Google Scholar
30.Gammeltoft, SA: Syphilis and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1928;15:747–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Brown, WJ, Moore, MB: Congenital syphilis in the United States. Clin Pediatr 1963;2:220–222.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Nelson, NA, Struve, V: Prevention of congenital syphilis by treatment of syphilis in pregnancy. JAMA 1956;161:869–872.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Pedersen, AHB, Bonin, P: Screening females for asymptomatic gonorrhea infection. Northwest Medicine 1971;70:255–261.Google ScholarPubMed
34.Pariser, H: Asymptomatic gonorrhea. Med Clin North Am 1972;56:1127–1132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Waters, JR, Roulston, TM: Gonococcal infection in a prenatal clinic. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969;103:532–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36.Charles, AG, Cohen, S, Kass, MB, et al: Asymptomatic gonorrhea in prenatal patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1970;108:595–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Cave, VG, Bloomfield, RD, Hurdle, ES, et al: Gonorrhea in the obstetric and gynecology clinic; Incidence in a voluntary hospital in an urban community. JAMA 1969;210:309–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38.Kraus, GW, Yen, SSC: Gonorrhea during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1968;31:258–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Prince, LN, Randall, EL, Lentz, JW, et al: The evaluation of Oxytetracycline in the treatment of gonorrhea in the prenatal patient. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1964;90:202–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Tucker, WW, Trussell, RE, Plass, ED: Latent gonorrhea in obstetric patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1939;38:1055–1060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Waters, JR, Roulston, TM: Gonococcal infection in a prenatal clinic. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969;103:532–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Davidson, HH, Hill, JH, Eastman, NJ: Penicillin in the prophylaxis of ophthalmia neonatorum. JAMA 1951;145:1052–1055.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Segal, S, Brann, AW, Mortimer, EA Jr, et al: Prophylaxis and treatment of neonatal gonococcal infections. Pediatrics 1980;65:1047–1048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
44.Hansfield, HH, Hodson, WA, Holmes, KK: Neonatal gonococcal infection: Orogastric contamination with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. JAMA 1973;225:697–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45.Black, JR, Sparling, PF: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in Mandel, GL, Douglas, RG Jr, Bennett, JE (eds): Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1985, pp 1195–1205.Google Scholar
46.Eddy, CA: The fallopian tube: Physiology and pathology, in Aiman, J (ed): Infertility; Diagnosis and Management. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1984, pp 161–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47.Oriel, JD, Ridgeway, GC: Studies of the epidemiology of chlamydial infections, in Mardh, P-A, Holmes, KK, Oriel, JD, et al (eds): Chlamydial Infections. Amsterdam, Elsevier Biomedical Press, 1982, p 425.Google ScholarPubMed
48.Schacter, J, Hanna, L, Hill, EC, et al: Are chlamydial infections the most, prevalent venereal disease? JAMA 1975;231:1252–1255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49.Schacter, J, Hill, EC, King, EB, et al: Chlamydia trachomatis and cervical neoplasia. JAMA 1982;248:2134–2138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50.Beem, MU, Saxon, EM: Chlamydia trachomatis infection of infants, in Mardh, PA, Holmes, KK, Oriel, JD, et al (eds): Chlamydial Infections. Amsterdam, Elsevier Biomedical Press, 1982; p 199.Google Scholar
51.Bowie, WR, Holmes, KK: Chlamydia trachomatis (Trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, and nongonococcal urethritis), in Mandai, GL, Douglas, RG Jr, Bennett, JE (eds): Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1985, pp 1049–1060.Google Scholar
52.Schacter, J: Complement-fixing antibodies to Bedsonia in Reiter's syndrome, TRIC agent infection, and control groups. Am J Ophthalmol 1971;71:857–860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
53.Tarn, MR, Stamm, WE, Handsfield, HH, et al: Culture-independent diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis using monoclonal antibodies. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1146–1150.Google Scholar
54.Bart, KJ, Orenstein, WA, Preblud, SR, et al: Elimination of rubella and congenital rubella from the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985;4:14–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55.Rubella in colleges—United States, 1983-1984. MMWR 1985;34:228–231.Google Scholar
56.Rubella outbreak among office workers—New York City. MMWR 1985;34:455–459.Google Scholar
57.Evrard, JR: Rubella, the Trojan horse of obstetrics. Obstet Gynecol 1981;58:505–507.Google ScholarPubMed
58.Miller, KA, Zager, TD: Rubella susceptibility in an adolescent female population. Mayo Clin Proc 1984;59:31–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
59.Mann, JM, Preblud, SR, Hoffman, RE, et al: Assessing risks of rubella infection during pregnancy; A standardized approach. JAMA 1981;245:1647–1652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60.Kohl, HW III: Rubella screening and vaccination followup by a hospital employee health office. Am J Infect Control 1985;13:124–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome—United States. MMWR 1985;34:65–66.Google Scholar
62.Preblud, SR, Gross, F, Halsey, NA, et al: Assessment of susceptibility to measles and rubella. JAMA 1982;247:1134–1137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63.Miller, E, Cradock-Watson, JE, Pollock, TM: Consequences of confirmed maternal rubella at successive stages of pregnancy. Lancet 1982;2:781–784.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64.Centers for Disease Control, Dept. of Health and Human Services: Rubella prevention; Recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:505–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65.Rawls, WE, Campione-Piccardo, J: Epidemiology of Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 and type 2 infections, in Nahmias, AJ, Dowdle, WR, Schinazi, RF (eds): The Human Herpesviruses, an Interdisciplinary Perspective. New York, Elsevier North Holland, lnc, 1981, pp 137–152.Google Scholar
66.Knox, GE, Pass, RF, Reynolds, DW, et al: Comparative prevalence of subclinical cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infections in the genital and urinary tracts of low-income urban women. J Infect Dis 1979;140:419–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67.Bolognese, RJ, Corson, SL, Fuccillo, DA, et al: Herpesvirus hominis type II infections in asymptomatic pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 1976;48:507–510.Google ScholarPubMed
68.Nahmias, AJ, Josey, WE, Naib, ZM, et al: Perinatal risk associated with maternal genital herpes simplex virus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1971;110:825–837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69.Chandler, SH, Alexander, ER, Holmes, KK: Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infectibn in a heterogeneous population of pregnant women. J Infect Dis 1985;152:249–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
70.Poste, G, Hawkins, DF, Thomlinson, J: Herpesvirus hominis infection of the female genital tract. Obstet Gynecol 1972;40:871–890.Google ScholarPubMed
71.Ng, ABP, Reagan, JW, Yen, SSC: Herpes genitalis; Clinical and cytopathologic experience with 256 patients. Obstet Gynecol 1970;36:645–651.Google ScholarPubMed
72.Whitley, RJ, Nahmias, AJ, Visintine, AM, et al: The natural history of herpes simplex virus infection of mother and newborn. Pediatrics 1980;66:489–494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73.Brann, AW, Hall, RT, Harper, RG, et al: Perinatal herpes simplex virus infections. Pediatrics 1980;66:147–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
74.Naib, Z, Nahmias, AJ, Josey, WE, et al: Association of maternal genital herpetic infection with spontaneous abortion. Obstet Gynecol 1970;35:260–262.Google ScholarPubMed
75.Florman, AL, Gershon, AA, Blackett, PR, et al: Intrauterine infection with herpes simplex virus: Resultant congenital malformations. JAMA 1973;225:129–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76.Stagno, S, Pass, RF, Dworsky, ME, et al: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: The relative importance of primary and recurrent maternal infection. N Engl J Med 1982;306:945–949.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77.Schopfer, K, Lauber, E, Krech, U: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in newborn infants of mothers infected before pregnancy. Arch Dis Child 1978;53:536–539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78.Alford, C, Stagno, S, Pass, RF: Natural history of perinatal cytomegaloviral infection. Ciba Found Symp 1980;77:125–147.Google Scholar
79.Plotkin, SA, Michelson, S, Alford, CA, et al: The pathogenesis and prevention of human cytomegalovirus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis 1984;3:67–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80.Chiba, S, Kamada, M, Yoshimura, H, et al: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in Japan. N Engl J Med 1984;310:50.Google ScholarPubMed
81.Stern, H, Tucker, SM: Prospective study of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Br Med J 1973;2:268–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82.Monif, GRG, Egan, EB II, Held, B, et al: The correlation of maternal cytomegalovirus infection during various stages in gestation with neonatal involvement. J Pediatr 1972;80:17–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83.Nankervis, GA, Kumar, ML, Gold, E: Primary infection with cytomegalovirus during pregnancy. Pediatr Res 1974;8:427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
84.Stagno, S, Reynolds, DW, Huang, E-S, et al: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Occurrence in an immune population. N Engl J Med 1977;296:1254–1258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
85.Weller, TH: The cytomegaloviruses: Ubiquitous agents with protean clinical manifestations. N Engl J Med 1971;285:203–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86.Pass, RF: Epidemiology and transmission of cytomegalovirus. J Infect Dis 1985;152:243–248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87.Ho, M: Cytomegalovirus: Biology and Infection. New York, Plenum Medical Book Company, 1982, p 309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
88.Lang, DJ, Kummer, JF: Demonstration of cytomegalovirus in semen, N Engl J Med 1972;287:756–758.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
89.Hansfield, HH, Chandler, SH, Caine, VA, et al: Cytomegalovirus infection in sex partners: Evidence for sexual transmission. J Infect Dis 1985;151:344–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
90.Barre-Sinoussi, F, Chermann, JC, Rey, F, et al: Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 1983;220:868–871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
91.Gallo, RC, Salahuddin, SZ, Popovic, M, et al: Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science 1984;224:500–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92.Schupbach, J, Popovic, M, Gilden, RV, et al: Serologic analysis of a subgroup of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-III) associated with AIDS. Science 1984;224:503–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93.Landesman, SH, Ginzburg, HM, Weiss, SH: Special report: The AIDS epidemic. N Engl J Med 1985;312:521–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
94.Schneider, J, Bayer, H, Bienzle, U, et al: Antibodies to HTLV-III in German blood donors. Lancet 1985;1:275–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
95.Antibodies to a retrovirus etiologically associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in populations with increased incidences of the syndrome. MMWR 1984;33:377–379.Google Scholar
96.Provisional public health service interagency recommendations for screening donated blood and plasma for antibody to the virus causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR 1985;34:1–5.Google Scholar
97.Hardy, AM, Allen, JR, Morgan, WM, et al: The incidence rate of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Selected populations. JAMA 1985;253:215–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98.Safai, B, Sarngadharan, MG, Groopman, JE, et al: Seroepidemiological studies of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses type III in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet 1984;1:1438–1440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99.Jaffe, HW, Darrow, WW, Echenberg, DF, et al: The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a cohort of homosexual men: A six-year follow-up study. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:210–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
100.Melbye, M, Biggar, RJ, Ebbesen, P, et al: Seroepidemiology of HTLV-III antibody in Danish homosexual men: Prevalence, transmission, and disease outcome. Br Med J 1984;289:573–575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101.Goedert, JJ, Sarngadharan, MG, Biggar, RJ, et al: Determinants of retrovirus (HTLV-III) antibody and immunodeficiency conditions in homosexual men. Lancet 1984;2:711–715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102.Biggar, RJ, Johnson, B, Gigase, P, et al: Seroepidemiology of HTLV-III in Eastern Zaire and Kenya. Presented at the International Conference on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Atlanta, April 17, 1985.Google Scholar
103.Rogers, MF: AIDS in children: A review of the clinical, epidemiologic and public health aspects. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985;4:230–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104.Salahuddin, SZ, Markham, PD, Redfield, RR, et al: HTLV-III in symptom-free seronegative persons. Lancet 1984;2:1418–1420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
105.Unexplained immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in infants— New York, New Jersey, California. MMWR 1982;31:665–667.Google Scholar
106.Scott, GB, Fischi, MA, Klimas, N, et al: Mothers of infants with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Evidence for both symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers. JAMA 1985;253:363–366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107.Pahwa, S, Kaplan, M, Fikrig, S, et al: Spectrum of HTLV-III infection in children. Presented at the International Conference on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Atlanta, April 16, 1985.Google Scholar
108.Scott, GB, Fischi, M, Klimas, N, et al: Mothers of infants with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Outcome of subsequent pregnancies. Presented at the International Conference on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Atlanta, April 15, 1985.Google Scholar
109.Zagury, D, Bernard, J, Liebowitch, S, et al: HTLV-III in cells cultured from semen of two patients with AIDS. Science 1984;226:449–451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110.Coyle, MB, Sherris, JC: The clinical laboratory, in Bennett, JV, Brachman, PS (eds): Hospital Infections. Boston, Little, Brown and Co, 1979, pp 139–145.Google Scholar