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Accepted manuscript

Skewed sex ratios and violence against women in Pakistan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2025

Olympia L K Campbell*
Affiliation:
Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, University of Toulouse Capitole, Toulouse, France
Maheen Pracha
Affiliation:
Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, Pakistan
Ruth Mace
Affiliation:
University College London, UK
*
*Corresponding author: Olympia L K Campbell, Email: Olympia.campbell@iast.fr

Abstract

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Concerns have been raised that an excess of men leads to societal violence, including violence against women, though recent evidence has challenged this view. One area that remains untested is honour killings, a type of femicide perpetrated by unrelated family members, such as intimate-partners, and related family members, such as parents and siblings. Using a novel dataset of media reports of honour killings from Pakistan we test whether the sex ratio is associated with femicide. To address reporting bias, we implement two case-control studies. The first compares media reports of honour killings to male suicides. The second compares honour killings perpetrated by unrelated individuals to those perpetrated by kin. We find evidence that honour killings perpetrated by unrelated individuals are higher in male-biased areas compared to those perpetrated by kin. Honour killings of women by kin therefore appear less sensitive to the sex ratio. Results align with sexual selection theory, suggesting more male competition may lead to more violence. We also find weak evidence that male biased areas report more male suicides than honour killings. However, we caution against drawing causal conclusions due to potential confounding variables, particularly economic deprivation. This research highlights the challenges of studying sensitive topics quantitatively.

Information

Type
Research Article
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press.