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Perceived hope affects mental health among Portuguese Adults in year three of the COVID-19 Era: The mediation role of well-being

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 August 2025

C. Laranjeira*
Affiliation:
School of Health Sciences ciTechCare, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
A. Querido
Affiliation:
School of Health Sciences ciTechCare, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
*
*Corresponding author.

Abstract

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Introduction

In recent years, more and more researchers have found positive psychological changes after experiencing stressful events. When people are exposed to stressful events, a sense of hope and psychological well-being, as significant positive psychological traits, can lessen the negative effects of psychological imbalance and help them cope with their worries in life in a more positive way, effectively promoting and protecting their mental health

Objectives

This study aims to examine the mediating role of well-being in the relationship between people’s perception of hope and mental health.

Methods

The present research was performed using a convenience (or snowball) sampling method obtained in the context of the Hope Barometer research program in 2023. Inclusion criteria were being an adult (aged ≥ 18 years); providing e-consent; having internet access; and understanding the Portuguese language. An online survey including information sheet, demographic questions, and three instruments, namely: Dispotional Hope was measured through the Perceived Hope Scale [PHS]; Mental health status was evaluated by General Anxiety Disorder-7itens; and, well-being measured by the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF). We employed the PROCESS macro for SPSS (model 4: mediation analysis) to evaluate our model.

Results

The most frequently reported demographic categories were female (n=402), married (n = 206), have children (n = 344), graduated (n = 442), and with religious/spiritual affiliation (n = 400). The mean age was 47.72±11.86 years old. Dispositional hope were significantly and positively correlated with mental health. We conducted a mediation analysis to examine whether mediates the relationship between dispositional hope and mental health. The indirect effects for hedonic well-being (β = 0.28; 95% CI [0.02, 0.36]), psychological well-being (β = 0.14; 95% CI [0.06, 0.19]), and social well-being (β = 0.06; 95% CI [0.008, 0.073]) were all significant, indicating a mediating effect.

Conclusions

Given the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences have caused a variety of psychological distress such as fears, worries, and anxiety among people worldwide, this study underlies the mechanism between positive psychological resources such as perceived hope and well-being of individuals during the times of crisis of COVID-19 affects their mental health.

Disclosure of Interest

None Declared

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Type
Abstract
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of European Psychiatric Association
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