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School connectedness as a protective factor against childhood exposure to violence and social deprivation: A longitudinal study of adaptive and maladaptive outcomes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 November 2021

Leigh G. Goetschius Open the ORCID record for Leigh G. Goetschius [Opens in a new window] ,
Vonnie C. McLoyd ,
Tyler C. Hein ,
Colter Mitchell ,
Luke W. Hyde Open the ORCID record for Luke W. Hyde [Opens in a new window]  and
Christopher S. Monk
Leigh G. Goetschius
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA The Hilltop Institute, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
Vonnie C. McLoyd
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Tyler C. Hein
Affiliation:
Department of Veterans Affairs, Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Colter Mitchell
Affiliation:
Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Population Studies Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Luke W. Hyde
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Christopher S. Monk*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
*
Corresponding author. Christopher S. Monk, email: csmonk@umich.edu
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Abstract

School connectedness, a construct indexing supportive school relationships, has been posited to promote resilience to environmental adversity. Consistent with prominent calls in the field, we examined the protective nature of school connectedness against two dimensions of early adversity that index multiple levels of environmental exposure (violence exposure, social deprivation) when predicting both positive and negative outcomes in longitudinal data from 3,246 youth in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (48% female, 49% African American). Child and adolescent school connectedness were promotive, even when accounting for the detrimental effects of early adversity. Additionally, childhood school connectedness had a protective but reactive association with social deprivation, but not violence exposure, when predicting externalizing symptoms and positive function. Specifically, school connectedness was protective against the negative effects of social deprivation, but the effect diminished as social deprivation became more extreme. These results suggest that social relationships at school may compensate for low levels of social support in the home and neighborhood. Our results highlight the important role that the school environment can play for youth who have been exposed to adversity in other areas of their lives and suggest specific groups that may especially benefit from interventions that boost school connectedness.

Keywords

early adversitylatent variable modelinglongitudinalresilienceschool connectedness

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Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 35 , Issue 3 , August 2023 , pp. 1219 - 1234
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© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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