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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 July 2025
This article examines the development and transformation of Ukrainian scientific terminology during the early 20th century, particularly under Soviet rule. It traces the roots of terminological efforts in the 19th century, when language planning in Galicia and Ukraine reflected competing imperial influences and nationalist aspirations. The study underscores the nexus of cultural, political and epistemic interests in the shaping of scientific language, noting the transition from vernacular-focused Romantic ideals to the evolving policies of the Soviet korenizatsiia period.
In the 1920s, the Ukrainian Institute for Scientific Language led the effort to standardise terminology, aligning with Soviet policies of Ukrainisation/korenizatsiia. However, by the 1930s, Stalinist policies reversed earlier gains, replacing national vocabularies with Russified terms and persecuting many language policymakers and scholars that the Soviet regime had supported only a few years earlier.
1 The article follows the Library of Congress system for transliterating Russian and Ukrainian names and titles. Where a generally accepted English version of a name exists, it has been used in the main text.
2 Jan Rzewnicki, Prace nad słownictwem elektrotechnicznem 1900–1925 (Warszawa: Stowarzyszenie Elektrotechników Polskich, 1926), 6. The machine consisted of three concentric circles with prefixes (circle 1), base words (circle 2) and suffixes (circle 3), which, by moving the circles, produced different terms from which Obrębowicz selected the best-sounding ones.
3 Kost’ Turkalo, Tortury (avtobiohrafiia za bol′shevyts′kykh chasiv) (New York: Vydavnytstvo ‘Nasha Bat′kivshchyna’, 1963). This article uses the terms ‘scientific language’ and ‘the language of science’ as synonyms, following Michael D. Gordin, Scientific Babel: How Science Was Done Before and After Global English (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 24.
4 For exceptions in the history of science see Gordin, Scientific Babel; Michael D. Gordin, ‘Introduction: Hegemonic Languages and Science’, Isis 108, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 606–11, https://doi.org/10.1086/694164; Helge Kragh, The Names of Science: Terminology and Language in the History of the Natural Sciences (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024).
5 See the discussion in Halyna Hryn, ‘The Executed Renaissance Paradigm Revisited’, Harvard Ukrainian Studies 27, no. 1/4 (2004): 67–96; Paweł Krupa, ‘Arguments against “The Executed Renaissance”: Iuriǐ Lavrinenko’s ‘Anthology and the Problem of Representation of the Ukrainian Literature 1917–1933’, Zeitschrift Für Slawistik 62, no. 2 (May 30, 2017): 268–96, https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2017-0013; Ievheniia Kuzhavs′ka, ‘“Marta z ‘Nevelychkoï dramy’ — tse maǐstrynia korabliia u varianti Pidmohyl′noho”. Literaturoznavytsia Iaryna Tsymbal pro “Nashi 20-ti”’, Divoche.media. Nezalezhnyǐ zhinochyǐ zhurnal, March 20, 2024, https://divoche.media/2024/03/20/marta-z-nevelychkoi-dramy-tse-maystrynia-korablia-u-varianti-pidmohylnoho-literaturoznavytsia-yaryna-tsymbal-pro-nashi-20-ti/. Originally the term Executed Renaissance was proposed in Iuriǐ Lavrinenko, Rozstriliane vidrodzhennia: Antolohiia 1917–1933. Poeziia – proza – drama – eseǐ (Kyïv: Smoloskyp, 2007) [1st ed. Paris: Instytut Literacki, 1959].
6 Adrienne Lynn Edgar, Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006); Andrew Savchenko, Belarus: A Perpetual Borderland (Leiden: Brill, 2009), esp. 83–96; Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015); Olena Palko, Making Ukraine Soviet: Literature and Cultural Politics under Lenin and Stalin (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2021).
7 Tomasz Kamusella, The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012); Tomasz Kamusella, Politics and the Slavic Languages, Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe (London: Routledge, 2021). For more traditional overviews, see David Crystal, The Stories of English (Woodstock: Overlook Press, 2005); Jean-Benoît Nadeau and Julie Barlow, The Story of French: From Charlemagne to Cirque Du Soleil (Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2007).
8 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 2016); Geoffrey Cubitt, ed., Imagining Nations, York Studies in Cultural History (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998).
9 Markian Prokopovych, Carl Bethke and Tamara Scheer, Language Diversity in the Late Habsburg Empire (Leiden: Brill, 2019); Jesse Van Amelsvoort and Nicoletta Pireddu, ‘Introduction: Imagining Communities, Multilingually’, Parallax 28, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1080/13534645.2022.2156688.
10 More recently, see Alexander Maxwell, Choosing Slovakia: Slavic Hungary, the Czechoslovak Language and Accidental Nationalism (London: I.B. Tauris, 2017); Morgan J. Robinson, A Language for the World: The Standardization of Swahili, New African Histories (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2022); for an approach favouring social/class conflicts see Stephan Elspaß, ‘Standardisierung des Deutschen: Ansichten aus der neueren Sprachgeschichte “von unten”’, in Standardvariation, ed. Ludwig M. Eichinger and Werner Kallmeyer (Göttingen: Walter de Gruyter, 2005), 63–99, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110193985.63.
11 Martin Rohde, ‘Local Knowledge and Amateur Participation: Shevchenko Scientific Society, 1892–1914’, Studia Historiae Scientiarum 18 (November 15, 2019): 165–218, https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.19.007.11013.
12 Gordin, Scientific Babel; Scott Lyons Montgomery, Does Science Need a Global Language? English and the Future of Research (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013).
13 Theodore R. Weeks, ‘Russification: Word and Practice 1863–1914’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 148, no. 4 (2004): 471–89; Ulrich Hofmeister, ‘Civilization and Russification in Tsarist Central Asia, 1860–1917’, Journal of World History 27, no. 3 (2016): 411–42; Elena Aronova, ‘Russian and the Making of World Languages during the Cold War’, Isis 108, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 643–50, https://doi.org/10.1086/694163; Rachel Applebaum, ‘The Rise of Russian in the Cold War: How Three Worlds Made a World Language’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 21, no. 2 (2020): 347–70, https://doi.org/10.1353/kri.2020.0016; Rachel Applebaum, ‘Friendship Under Occupation: Soviet–Czechoslovak Relations and Everyday Life after the 1968 Invasion’, in Czechoslovakia and Eastern Europe in the Era of Normalisation, 1969–1989, ed. Kevin McDermott and Matthew Stibbe (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022), 239–58, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98271-3_11.
14 Jan Surman, ‘Science and Its Publics: Internationality and National Languages in Central Europe’, in The Nationalization of Scientific Knowledge in the Habsburg Empire, 1848–1918, ed. Mitchell G. Ash and Jan Surman (London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012), 30–56, https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137264978_2.
15 Tomasz Kamusella, Creating Languages in Central Europe during the Last Millennium, Palgrave Pivot (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).
16 Marcin Jarząbek, ‘Pojęcie “czystości” języka i “słowa zbyteczne”: przypadek polski XVIII–XX wieku’, in Z dziejów pojęć społeczno-politycznych w Polsce: XVIII–XX wiek, ed. Maciej Janowski (Warszawa: Instytut Historii PAN, Wydawnictwo Neriton, 2019), 43–75; Paul Wexler, Purism and Language: A Study in Modern Ukrainian and Belorussian Nationalism (1840–1967) (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974), 59–65.
17 See, e.g., Laada Bilaniuk, Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine, Culture & Society after Socialism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005), 114–15. On tensions around 1900 see Wexler, Purism and Language, 72–76, 119–25.
18 Kamusella, The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe; Alexander Maxwell, ‘Why the Slovak Language Has Three Dialects: A Case Study in Historical Perceptual Dialectology’, Austrian History Yearbook 37 (January 2006): 141–62, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0067237800016817; Jan Surman, ‘How Romance Studies Shaped the Ukrainian Language and How the Ukrainian–Romanian Conflict Helped to Create Ladinian: A (Very) Entangled History of A-Political Science’, in How to Write the Global History of Knowledge-Making: Interaction, Circulation and the Transgression of Cultural Difference, ed. Johannes Feichtinger, Anil Bhatti and Cornelia Hülmbauer (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020), 73–90, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37922-3_4.
19 Andriy Zayarnyuk and Ostap Sereda, The Intellectual Foundations of Modern Ukraine: The Nineteenth Century, Routledge Histories of Central and Eastern Europe (London: Routledge, 2023), https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429445705; John-Paul Himka, ‘The Construction of Nationality in Galician Rus’: Icarian Flights in Almost All Directions’, in Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation, ed. Ronald G. Suny and Michael D. Kennedy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), 109–64; Yaroslav Hrytsak, ‘“Icarian Flights in Almost All Directions” Reconsidered’, Journal of Ukrainian Studies 36, no. 36 (2011): 81–91.
20 Vladimír Macura, Znamení zrodu: české národní obrození jako kulturní typ (Jinočany: H&H, 1995).
21 On Ukrainian and the question of borders see Serhii Vakulenko, ‘Standardization across State Boundaries: Modern Ukrainian as a Paradigmatic Case’, in The Cambridge Handbook of Language Standardization, ed. Wendy Ayres-Bennett and John Bellamy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 546–75, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108559249.021; on banning Ukrainian in imperial times see Michael Moser, ed., Banning a Language ‘That Does Not Exist: The Valuev Directive of 1863 and the History of the Ukrainian Language, special thematic issue of East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 4, no. 2 (2017): 3–172.
22 Serhii Plokhy, Unmaking Imperial Russia: Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Writing of Ukrainian History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005).
23 Iakov Holovats’kyǐ, Ystorycheskyǐ ocherk osnovanyia Halytsko-ruskoǐ Matytse: y spravozdanye pervoho soboru uchennykh ruskykh y liubyteleǐ narodnoho prosveshchenyia (L′vov: Yn-t Stavropyhyianskoho, 1850), LIV–LXXXIX, C.
24 See, e.g., Michael Moser, ‘Some Viennese Contributions to the Development of Ukrainian Terminologies’, in Ukraine’s Re-Integration into Europe: A Historical, Historiographical and Political Urgent Issue, ed. Giovanna Brogi-Bercoff and Giulia Lami (Alessandria: Edizioni dell’Orso, 2005), 161; P. Bilonizhka, O. Matkovs′kyǐ and V. Pavlyshyn, ‘Pershi pidruchnyky z mineralohiï, vydani ukraïns′koiu movoiu u druhiǐ polovyni 19 st.’, Mineralohichnyǐ zbirnyk 54, no. 1 (2004): 172–181.
25 Oleh Bahan, ‘Literaturnyǐ romantyzm: ideolohiia, estetyka, styl′’, Dyvoslovo, no. 3 (2011): 41–4; István Gombocz, ‘The Reception of Herder in Central Europe: Idealization and Exaggeration’, Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 33, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 107–18, https://doi.org/10.3138/sem.v33.2.107.
26 Ukrainian term naukovyǐ is closer to scholarly, but in historiographic tradition scientific is used in the name of the society.
27 Different orthographies were associated with different political and cultural orientations. The phonetic one was supported by the Ukrainophiles, while the etymological one, based more on Old Church Slavonic, was supported by the Russophiles and conservative clergy. See Andriy Zayarnyuk, ‘Mapping Identities: The Popular Base of Galician Russophilism in the 1890s’, Austrian History Yearbook 41 (April 2010): 117–42, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0067237809990117; Surman, ‘How Romance Studies Shaped the Ukrainian Language and How the Ukrainian–Romanian Conflict Helped to Create Ladinian’.
28 The dictionary was named after the author Borys Hrinchenko, although more recently credit has been also given to his wife, Maria. A substantial number of vocabulary items were collated by Kyiv Hromada, with particular contributions from Volodymyr Naumenko. See Serhiǐ Iefremov, ‘Iak povstav Hrinchenkiv slovnyk’, in Slovnyk Ukraïns′koï Movy, ed. Andriǐ Nikovs′kyǐ, Borys Hrinchenko and Serhiǐ Iefremov, 3rd ed., vol. 1 (Kyïv: Horno, 1927), V-XXIV.
29 A.A. Ianata, ‘Blyzhaǐshaia zadacha botanykov-liubyteleǐ y spetsialystov na Ukraǐni’, Ukraynskaia zhyzn′, no. 6 (1912): 117–22.
30 Martin Rohde, Nationale Wissenschaft zwischen zwei Imperien: die Ševcenko-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, 1892–1918 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2021), 111–12.
31 To see the number of differences, see also Hrinchenko’s direct comments to Verkhrats′kyǐ’s Znadoby do slovaria iuzhnoruskoho (1877), from Hrinchenko’s private library, now stored in Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine in Kyiv (Natsional′na biblioteka Ukraïny imeni V. I. Vernads′koho) [NBUV], Signature: Kol. Hrynchenko, BO132160)
32 Iryna Protsyk, Ukraïns′ka fizychna terminolohiia na zlami 19-20 stolit′ (L’viv: LNU im. I. Franka, 2004), 15–16, 23.
33 On Uzbek, see William Fierman, Language Planning and National Development: The Uzbek Experience (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991), 152. On Czech, see Jaroslav Batušek, ‘Z dějin české terminologie matematické’, Československý terminologický časopis 4, no. 3 (1965): 129–46.
34 F. Kalynovych, ‘Pryrodnychyǐ viddil IUNM. Korotkyǐ ohliad roboty’, Visnyk IUNM 2 (1930): 1–5.
35 On Kurylo’s biography, see Iuriǐ Sherekh, Vsevolod Hantsov. Olena Kurylo (Vinnipeg: Ukraïns′ka Vil′na Akademiia Nauk, 1954).
36 Do ahitizdatu kyïvshchyny, 23 Aug. 1920, NBUV, Fond Instytutu rukopysu, F. X., Arkhiv VUAN, opys 1903.
37 Instruktsiia pro orhanizatsiiu terminolohichnoï komisiï p.s.ukr.nauk.tov. Redahuvannia ukraïns′koï pryrodnychoï literatury, NBUV, Fond Instytutu rukopysu, F. X., Arkhiv VUAN, opys. 31906.
38 Korotke spravozdannia pro diial′nist′ terminolohichnoï komisiï narodnoï sektsiï ukraïns′koho naukovoho tovarystva v 1919 rotsi, NBUV, Fond Instytutu rukopysu, F. X., Arkhiv VUAN, opys. 31902.
39 Kalynovych, ‘Pryrodnychyǐ viddil IUNM’, 6.
40 Turkalo, Tortury, 14. Unless noted otherwise all translations by the author.
41 Trudy I-ho z’ïzdu pryrodnykiv Ukraïny t.i.v. Protokoly i postanovy . . . 3–6 serpnia 1918 roku, NBUV, Fond Instytutu rukopysu, F. X., Arkhiv VUAN, 200-4.
42 H. Kholodnyǐ, ‘Do istoriï orhanizatsiï terminolohichnoï spravy na Ukraïni’, Visnyk IUNM 1, no. 1 (1928): 9–20.
43 Vladimir Mikhailovich Alpatov, 150 iazykov i politika: 1917—1997. Sotsiolingvisticheskie problemy SSSR i postsovetskogo prostranstva (Moskva: IV RAN [u.a.], 2000), 43–44.
44 Siarheĭ Zaprudski, ‘Ustup’, in Belaruskaia Navukovaia Tėrminaliohiia. U chatyrokh knihakh, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Minsk: ARCHE, 2010), 6.
45 The Department of Scientific Terminology and Translating Dictionaries, https://ice.ge/ofen/the-department-of-scientific-terminology-and-traslating-dictionaries (last accessed: 21 Sept. 2024).
46 V.M. Danylenko et. al, ‘Ukraïnizatsiia’ 1920-30-kh rokiv: Peredumovy, zdobutky, uroky (Kyïv: Instytut istoriï Ukraïny, 2003), 108–11; D.O. Dobrovol′s′kyǐ, ‘Protses “ukrainizatsiï” vyshchoï shkoly v Ukraïni seredyny 20-kh rr 20 st.’, Visnyk NTU ‘KhPI’. Seriia: Istoryia nauky i tekhniky 42, no. 948 (2012): 17–22.
47 Danylenko et al., ‘Ukraïnizatsiia’, 145; Stepan Siropolko, Istoriia osvity v Ukraïni (Kyïv: Naukova Dumka, 2001), 842.
48 Philipp Hofeneder, Die mehrsprachige Ukraine: Übersetzungspolitik in der Sowjetunion von 1917 bis 1991 (Wien: Lit, 2013), 27.
49 Ivan Ohiienko, Istoriia ukraïns′koï literaturnoï movy (Kyïv: Nasha kul′tura i nauka, 2004), 359–62, on concessions to Galician-Ukrainian, 360.
50 Andriǐ Nikovs′kyǐ, ‘Vstupne Slovo’, in Slovnyk Ukraïns′koï Movy, ed. Andriǐ Nikovs′kyǐ, Borys Hrinchenko and Serhiǐ Iefremov, 3rd ed., vol. 1 (Kyïv: Horno, 1927), xiv–xv.
51 Early repression was directed, e.g., at the editor of the key Ukrainian literary monthly of the time, Mykola Khvylovy, and People’s Commissar of Education of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic Oleksandr Shumskyi; see Danylenko et al., ‘Ukraïnizatsiia’, 141–3; Elena Iur′evna Borisenok, Stalinskii prokonsul Lazar’ Kaganovich na Ukraine: apogej sovetskoj ukrainizacii (1925–1928), (Moskva: Izdatel′stvo Rodina, 2021), 149–54.
52 Matthew D. Pauly, Breaking the Tongue: Language, Education, and Power in Soviet Ukraine, 1923–1934 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014), 333–4.
53 The term is mostly used as reference to Larysa Masenko, Viktor Kubaǐchuk and Orysia Dems′ka-Kul′chyts′ka, eds., Ukraïns′ka mova u XX storichchi: istoriia linhvotsydu (Kyïv: Vydavnychyǐ dim ‘Kyievo-Mohylians′ka akademiia’, 2005).
54 Iurii Shevel’ov, Vnesok Halychyny u formuvannia ukraïns′koï literaturnoï movy (Kyïv: KM Akademiia, 2003),117; N.S. Trach, ‘Z istoriï ukraïns′koï pravnychoï terminolohiï: 20-30-ti roky’, Naukovi zapysky NaUKMA. Filolohichni nauky 60 (2006): 49–57.
55 Wexler, Purism and Language, 113.
56 F. Kalynovych, Slovnyk matematychnoï terminolohiï: (proiekt). Ch. 1: Terminolohiia chystoï matematyky, ed. F. Kalynovych (Kyïv: Derzh. vyd-vo Ukraïny, 1925), 1.
57 Kalynovych, ‘Pryrodnychyǐ viddil IUNM’, 20.
58 Ohiienko, Istoriia ukraïns′koï literaturnoï movy, 378.
59 O. Ianata and N. Osadcha ‘Vid botanichnoï sektsiï pryrodnychoho viddilu I.U.N.M.’, in Slovnyk botanichnoï nomenklatury: proiekt, ed. O. Ianata and N. Osadcha (Kyïv: Derzhavne vydavnytstvo Ukraïny, 1928), xii–xiii.
60 O. Vasylyuk, ‘Personal Correspondence of Volodymyr Vemadskyi and Agathangel Krymskyi – Founding Fathers of the Ukrainian Academy of Science’, The World of the Orient 2012, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): esp. 22–23, https://doi.org/10.15407/orientw2012.03.018.
61 Jan Surman, ‘Terminology between Chemistry and Philology: A Polish Interdisciplinary Debate in 1900?’, Centaurus 61, no. 3 (August 2019): 232–53, https://doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12237.
62 A.E. Krymskiǐ, ‘A. Kryms′kyǐ do Redaktora hazety, “Proletars′ka pravda”, Traven′ 1926, Kyïv’, in Epistoliarna spadshchyna Ahatanhela Kryms′koho, 1890–1941, ed. O.D. Vasyliuk and V.A. Kuchmarenko (Kyïv Instytut skhodoznavstva im. A. Kryms′koho, 2005), 141–2.
63 Tadeǐ Sekunda, ‘Vid avtora’, in Nimets′ko-rosiǐs′ko-ukraïns′kyǐ slovnyk terminiv z obsiahu mekhaniky z ukraïns′kym ta rosiǐs′kym pokazhchykamy, ed. Tadeǐ Sekunda (Kharkiv: Derzhavne vydavnytstvo Ukraïny, 1925), III.
64 Anthropology, astronomy, botany, chemistry, geology, geography, medicine, meteorology, physics, zoology.
65 Instruktsiia do zbyrannia movnoho materiialu z haluzy pryrodnychoï terminolohiï ta nomenklatury (Kyïv: Ukraïns’ka Akademija Nauk. Instytut Ukraïns′koï Naukovoï Movy. Pryrodnychyǐ Viddil, 1928), 3.
66 Ibid.
67 O. Ianata and N. Osadcha, Slovnyk botanichnoï nomenklatury: proiekt (Kyïv: Derzhavne vydavnytstvo Ukraïny, 1928), xxix–xxxi. The number of villages from Ukraine was lower than the number of Galician villages from which Verkhradskyǐ collected his vocabulary and which were also included in the dictionary; ibid., xxvii–xxviii.
68 Volodymyr Levyts′kyǐ, ‘Nacherk terminol′ogiï khemichnoï’, Zbirnyk matematychno-pryrodopysno-likars′koï sektsiï Naukovoho Tovarystva imeni Shevchenka 9 (1903): 1–12.
69 Ivan Horbachevs′kyǐ, ‘Uvaha o terminol′ogiï khemichniǐ’, Zbirnyk matematychno-pryrodopysno-likars′koï sektsiï Naukovoho Tovarystva imeni Shevchenka 10 (1904): 1–7.
70 Olena Kurylo, ‘Vid avtora’, in Slovnyk khemychnoï terminolohiï (Kyïv: Instytut entsyklopedychnykh doslidzhen′, 2008), n.p. (reprint of the 1923 edition).
71 Latin suffix -ium was translated as -iǐ (Barium-Bariǐ); suffix -um was left out (Bromium-Brom).
72 Kh. Polons′kyǐ, ‘Peredmova’, in Slovnyk pryrodnychoï terminolohiï: (proiekt), ed. Kh. Polons′kyǐ (Kyïv: Derzh. vyd-vo Ukraïny, 1928), VI–VIII.
73 I.M. Shelud’ko and P.I. Vasylenko, ‘Perednie slovo’, in Slovnyk hirnychoï terminolohiï (proekt), ed. I.M. Shelud’ko and P.I. Vasylenko (Kharkiv: Derzhavne vydavnytstvo ‘Radians′ka shkola’, 1931), v–viii.
74 ‘Khronyka’, Visnyk IUNM 1 (1928): 101; F. Kalynovych, ‘Dvoma shliakhamy: Z pryvodu novoho vydannia bilorus′koï matematychnoï terminolohiï’, Visnyk IUNM 2, no. 1 (1930): 34–8.
75 ‘Khronyka [Chronicle]’, Visnyk IUNM 2 (1930): 70.
76 E.g., in mathematics, see F. Kalynovych, ‘Peredmova’, in Slovnyk matematychnoï terminolohiï: (proiekt). Ch. 1: Terminolohiia chystoï matematyky, ed. F. Kalynovych (Kyïv: Derzh. vyd-vo Ukraïny, 1925), 5, on Berlin-published dictionary by Mykola Chaikovsky. The authoritative textbook for organic chemistry by Ivan Horbachevsky, printed in Prague 1924, did not use the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic’s terminology as it was unavailable in Czechoslovakia at the time of the book’s preparation; see Ivan Horbachevs’kyǐ, ‘Peredne slovo’, in Orhanichna khimiia (Praha: Nakladom Ukraïns′koho universytetu v Prazi. Druk Derzhavnoï drukarni u Prazi, 1924), IV.
77 See the commentary in the musical vocabulary dictionary of Stryi (south of L’viv, then in Poland, now in Ukraine), by the authoritative Lysenko Music Society: Lys’ko Zynoviǐ, Muzychnyǐ slovnyk (Stryǐ: Vydavnytstvo Muzychnoho Tovarystva im. M.Lysenka, 1933), 5.
78 F. Kalynovych, ‘Peredmova’, in Slovnyk matematychnoï terminolohiï (proiekt). Ch. 2. Terminolohiia teoretychnoï mekhaniky (Kyïv: Derzh. vyd-vo Ukraïny, 1926), v–vi.
79 Uporiadchyky, ‘Peredmova’, in Slovnyk matematychnoï terminolohiï. T. 3. Astronomichna terminolohiia ǐ nomenkliatura (proiekt), ed. F. Kalynovych and G. Kholodnyǐ (Kharkiv: Radians’ka shkola, 1931), vii.
80 Own calculation based on sources (printed and questionnaires received) listed in Ianata and Osadcha, Slovnyk.
81 Ianata and N. Osadcha, ‘Vid botanichnoï sektsiï’, xii.
82 Instruktsiia instytutovi ukraïns′koï naukovoï movy pry VUAN, proekt, NBUV, Fond Instytutu rukopysu, F. X., Arkhiv VUAN, opys. 12601.
83 Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001), 344–93; Olena Palko, ‘Debating the Early Soviet Nationalities Policy: The Case of Soviet Ukraine’, in The Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution: Illiberal Liberation, 1917–41, ed. Lara Douds, James R. Harris and Peter Whitewood, Library of Modern Russia (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020), 157–71.
84 Instytut ukraïns′koï naukovoï movy (statiia dlia iuvileinoho zbirnyka 1929), NBUV, Fond Instytutu rukopysu, F. X., Arkhiv VUAN, opys. 18635. While the text is glued over with a new version, the old one can be read on the verso.
85 Leonid Mohylnyi and Olesia Liashchenko, ‘Social and Political Views of Hryhorii Kholodnyi’, Skhidnoievropeǐs′kyǐ istorychnyǐ visnyk, Special Issue: Scientific Conference Proceedings (December 21, 2019): 89, https://doi.org/10.24919/2519-058x.0.184412.
86 G. Tkachenko and Olena Kurylo, ‘Vid redaktsiï’, Na movoznavchomu fronti 1 (1931): 1.
87 V. Favors’kij, ‘Inzh. T. Sadovskyi ta Iv. Shelud’ko, Slovnyk tekhnichnoï terminolohiï. Zahalnyǐ’, Na movoznavchomu fronti 1 (1931): 97.
88 M. Kalynovych, ‘Metodolohichni khyby Rosiǐs′ko-Ukraïns′koho slovnyka VUAN’, Na movoznavchomu fronti 1 (1931), 70–1.
89 Kalynovych, ‘Metodolohichni khyby’, 71–3.
90 Trokhymenko Mykola, ‘Vidkryiemo i vypravmo pomylky v roboti kolo terminolohichnykh slovnykiv’, Na movoznavchomu fronti 1 (1931): 83–9.
91 Next dictionary, of anthropological vocabulary, was both Ukrainian–Russian and (shortened) Russian–Ukrainian.
92 ‘Foreign’ meant all vocabulary from European languages, except from Latin and Greek, which were considered common European heritage, and, of course, from Russian.
93 ‘Khronika’, Movoznavstvo 8 (1936): 127. The visitors were not members of the Russian émigré community.
94 For discussion of Marr see Mika Lähteenmäki, ‘Nikolai Marr and the Idea of a Unified Language’, Language & Communication 26, no. 3–4 (July 2006): 285–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2006.02.006.
95 ‘Khronika’, 127.
96 ‘Rezoliutsiia Komisiï NKO v spravi perevirky roboty na movnomu fronti na dopovid′ tov. Khvyli “Natsionalistychna nebezpeka na movnomu fronti ǐ borot′ba proty neï”’, Movoznavstvo 1 (1934): 15–21.
97 Andriǐ Khvylia, ‘Vykorinyty, znyshchyty natsionalistychne korinnia na movnomu fronti’, Bil′shovyk Ukraïny, no. 7–8 (April 8, 1933): 42–56. See also, more concerned with terminology, Andriǐ Khvylia, ‘Za bil′shovyts′ku pylnist na fronti tvorennia ukraïnskoï radianskoï kultury’, Movoznavstvo 1 (1934): 7–13.
98 Pauly, Breaking the Tongue, 322–3.
99 For a thorough analysis of vocabulary changes see Roman Rozhankivs′kyǐ, ‘Ukraïns′ka terminolohiia iak naslidok “zblyzhannia mov”’, Problemy ukraïns′koï terminolohiï, no. 490 (2003): 25–34.
100 V. Vovchanets′kyǐ and Ia. Lepchenko, ‘Peredmova’, in Slovnyk botanichnoï terminolohiï (proiekt), ed. V. Vovchanets′kyǐ and Ia. Lepchenko (Kharkiv: V-vo. Ukr. Rad. Encykl, 1932), III–IV.
101 ‘Vykorinyty natsionalizm u vyrobnychiǐ terminolohiï’, in Vyrobnychyǐ Terminolohichnyǐ Biuleten’, no. 5 (1935), 5–11. The dictionary mentioned as reference was of mining technology.
102 Ol. M. Finkel’, ‘Terminolohichne shkidnytstvo i ǐoho teoretychne korinnia’, Movoznavstvo 2 (1934): 64.
103 Finkel’, ‘Terminolohichne shkidnytstvo’, 67.
104 Finkel’, ‘Terminolohichne shkidnytstvo’, 69.
105 Finkel’, ‘Terminolohichne shkidnytstvo’, 63–81. These examples were taken from a 1916 dictionary, not the IUNM edition.
106 Private information from the directorship of the NASU Institute of Ukrainian Language.
107 Joep Leerssen, ‘Language or Dialect? A Crux in the History of Central European Nation-Building’, in Languages and Nationalism Instead of Empires, ed. Motoki Nomachi and Tomasz Kamusella (London: Routledge, 2024), 16.
108 Palko, ‘Debating the Early Soviet Nationalities Policy: The Case of Soviet Ukraine’.