In China’s pastoral regions, both formal and informal rules are embedded in society and are continually negotiated and reassembled according to social, cultural and political contexts. In particular, the de facto rules governing rangeland use and access are much more intricate and dynamic than de jure property rights as set forth by statutory law. Through the lens of legal pluralism, this article examines the multiplicity of customary practices in Saga, a pastoral village in Amdo Tibet, where pastoralists develop rangeland practices in multiple contexts to manoeuvre in their struggle for inclusion in wealth building and the right to access rangeland and natural resources. Through three cases of customary practices – grazing bans, pasture patrols and communal summer grazing – this research demonstrates how pastoralists interpret and tailor rangeland governance to meet their expectations. A plural context-based hybrid rangeland governance is visible in Saga, where in response to changing de jure rules, de facto rules are deeply rooted in social, cultural and emotional dimensions. Rather than becoming fixed, de facto rules and practices are always evolving in response to the local context where multiple types of de jure rules apply.

在中国牧区, 无论是正式的产权制度, 还是非正式的产权实践, 其中的“游戏规则”都深深嵌于社会关系和互动之中。这些规则, 在社会、文化和政治变化的影响下持续进行着协商和重构。比起正式产权制度设定的使用和准入权, 实际的草地使用和准入规则通常更为复杂和动态。本文通过法律多元主义视角, 探讨了青海安多牧区多样化的草场产权实践。在安多地区, 牧民在多元背景下开展草场产权实践, 以应对财富积累和获得草地及自然资源使用权。通过分析三个案例 (禁牧、草场巡护和公用夏牧), 本文展示了牧民们如何解读和定制草地产权实践以满足他们的期望。文章发现, 安多牧区草地治理呈现出一种多元、情境化的混合治理模式, 在这一模式中, 面对法定规则的变化, 实际的草场产权实践往往深深根植于社会、文化和情感维度。