Hostname: page-component-54dcc4c588-trf7k Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-07T20:56:24.551Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Association between consumption of different food groups and risk of chronic kidney disease: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2025

Sara Sadeghi ,
Hossein Imani ,
Sepide Talebi Open the ORCID record for Sepide Talebi [Opens in a new window] ,
Fatemeh Naeini Open the ORCID record for Fatemeh Naeini [Opens in a new window] ,
Sajjad Moradi Open the ORCID record for Sajjad Moradi [Opens in a new window] ,
Alexei Wong Open the ORCID record for Alexei Wong [Opens in a new window]  and
Hamed Mohammadi Open the ORCID record for Hamed Mohammadi [Opens in a new window]
Sara Sadeghi
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Hossein Imani
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sepide Talebi
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Fatemeh Naeini
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sajjad Moradi
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
Alexei Wong
Affiliation:
Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA, USA
Hamed Mohammadi*
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
*
Corresponding author: Hamed Mohammadi; Email: mohamadihd@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Inlight of varying outcomes from prior research concerning the relationship between different food groups and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), this study was conducted to examine the relationship between the consumption of various food groups and CKD risk via a dose–dependent meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Searches were conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar databases through January 2025. Out of 6460 publications, twenty-one studies were selected for final analysis. The results revealed that red meat consumption is associated with an increased risk of CKD (RR: 1·39; 95 % CI: 1·13, 1·71). Conversely, consumption of fish (RR: 0·88; 95 % CI: 0·80, 0·97), grains (RR: 0·87; 95 % CI: 0·77, 0·99) and legumes (RR: 0·83; 95 % CI: 0·72, 0·92) showed a protective effect against CKD. The linear dose–response analysis indicated that for every 100 g/d increment in red meat and total meat consumption, the risk of CKD escalated by 34 and 2 %, respectively. Furthermore, an increase of 15 g/d in dietary fish, 28 g/d in nuts and 50 g/d in legumes was associated with a 6, 21 and 13 % decreased risk of CKD, respectively. Overall, higher red meat intake correlates with a heightened CKD risk, whereas the consumption of fish, grains and legumes is associated with a lowered risk. Further longitudinal cohort studies with extended follow-up are recommended to validate our findings.

Keywords

Chronic kidney diseaseFishFood groupsLegumesMeta-analysisRed meatSystematic review

Information

Type
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , First View , pp. 1 - 11
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Webster, AC, Nagler, EV, Morton, RL, et al. (2017) Chronic kidney disease. Lancet 389, 1238–1252.10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32064-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, NR, Fatoba, ST, Oke, JL, et al. (2016) Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease–a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one 11, e0158765.10.1371/journal.pone.0158765CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mills, KT, Xu, Y, Zhang, W, et al. (2015) A systematic analysis of worldwide population-based data on the global burden of chronic kidney disease in 2010. Kidney Int 88, 950–957.10.1038/ki.2015.230CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bello, A, Levin, A, Tonelli, M, et al. (2017) Global Kidney Health Atlas: A Report by the International Society of Nephrology on the Current State of Organization, Structures for Kidney Care Across the Globe. Brussels, Belgium: International Society of Nephrology. https://www.theisn.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GKDAtlas_2017_FinalVersion-1.pdf (accessed August 2018).Google Scholar
Bikbov, B, Purcell, CA, Levey, AS, et al. (2020) Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 395, 709–733.10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallan, S, de Mutsert, R, Carlsen, S, et al. (2006) Obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity as risk factors for CKD: are men more vulnerable? Am J Kidney Dis 47, 396–405.10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.11.027CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitham, D (2014) Nutrition for the prevention and treatment of chronic kidney disease in diabetes. Can J Diabetes 38, 344–348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strippoli, GF, Craig, JC, Rochtchina, E, et al. (2011) Fluid and nutrient intake and risk of chronic kidney disease. Nephrology 16, 326–334.10.1111/j.1440-1797.2010.01415.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geng, T-T, Jafar, TH, Neelakantan, N, et al. (2021) Healthful dietary patterns and risk of end-stage kidney disease: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 113, 675–683.10.1093/ajcn/nqaa348CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Estruch, R, Ros, E, Salas-Salvadó, J, et al. (2013) Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 368, 1279–1290.10.1056/NEJMoa1200303CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwedhelm, C, Boeing, H, Hoffmann, G, et al. (2016) Effect of diet on mortality and cancer recurrence among cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutr Rev 74, 737–748.10.1093/nutrit/nuw045CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herber-Gast, G-CM, Biesbroek, S, Verschuren, WM, et al. (2016) Association of dietary protein and dairy intakes and change in renal function: results from the population-based longitudinal Doetinchem cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 104, 1712–1719.10.3945/ajcn.116.137679CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nettleton, JA, Steffen, LM, Palmas, W, et al. (2008) Associations between microalbuminuria and animal foods, plant foods, and dietary patterns in the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 87, 1825–1836.10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1825CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khatri, M, Moon, YP, Scarmeas, N, et al. (2014) The association between a Mediterranean-style diet and kidney function in the Northern Manhattan Study cohort. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol: CJASN 9, 1868.10.2215/CJN.01080114CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foster, MC, Hwang, S-J, Massaro, JM, et al. (2015) Lifestyle factors and indices of kidney function in the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Nephrol 41, 267–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haring, B, Selvin, E, Liang, M, et al. (2017) Dietary protein sources and risk for incident chronic kidney disease: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. J Renal Nutr 27, 233–242.10.1053/j.jrn.2016.11.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwingshackl, L, Schwedhelm, C, Hoffmann, G, et al. (2017) Food groups and risk of hypertension: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Adv Nutr 8, 793–803.10.3945/an.117.017178CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwingshackl, L, Hoffmann, G, Lampousi, A-M, et al. (2017) Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol 32, 363–375.10.1007/s10654-017-0246-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwingshackl, L, Bechthold, A, Schwedhelm, C, et al. (2017) Food groups and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and heart failure: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Das Gesundheitswes 79, V-264.Google Scholar
Schwingshackl, L, Schwedhelm, C, Hoffmann, G, et al. (2018) Food groups and risk of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 142, 1748–1758.10.1002/ijc.31198CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwingshackl, L, Schwedhelm, C, Hoffmann, G, et al. (2017) Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 105, 1462–1473.10.3945/ajcn.117.153148CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwingshackl, L, Chaimani, A, Bechthold, A, et al. (2016) Food groups and risk of chronic disease: a protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis of cohort studies. Syst Rev 5, 1–7.10.1186/s13643-016-0302-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stroup, DF, Berlin, JA, Morton, SC, et al. (2000) Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. JAMA 283, 2008–2012.10.1001/jama.283.15.2008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DerSimonian, R & Laird, N (1986) Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clin Trials 7, 177–188.10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenland, S & Longnecker, MP (1992) Methods for trend estimation from summarized dose-response data, with applications to meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 135, 1301–1309.10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116237CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chêne, G & Thompson, SG (1996) Methods for summarizing the risk associations of quantitative variables in epidemiologic studies in a consistent form. Am J Epidemiol 144, 610–621.10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008971CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aune, D, Greenwood, D, Chan, D, et al. (2012) Body mass index, abdominal fatness and pancreatic cancer risk: a systematic review and non-linear dose–response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol 23, 843–852.10.1093/annonc/mdr398CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, JP & Thompson, SG (2002) Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 21, 1539–1558.10.1002/sim.1186CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egger, M, Smith, GD, Schneider, M, et al. (1997) Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 315, 629–634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cumpston, M, Li, T, Page, MJ, et al. (2019) Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019, issue 10, ED000142.10.1002/14651858.ED000142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crippa, A, Discacciati, A, Bottai, M, et al. (2019) One-stage dose–response meta-analysis for aggregated data. Stat Methods Med Res 28, 1579–1596.10.1177/0962280218773122CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sterne, JA, Hernán, MA, Reeves, BC, et al. (2016) ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ 355, i4919.10.1136/bmj.i4919CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guyatt, GH, Oxman, AD, Vist, GE, et al. (2008) GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 336, 924–926.10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.ADCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asghari, G, Yuzbashian, E, Mirmiran, P, et al. (2017) The association between Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension and incidence of chronic kidney disease in adults: the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 32, ii224–ii30.10.1093/ndt/gfw273CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bahadoran, Z, Mirmiran, P, Momenan, AA, et al. (2017) Allium vegetable intakes and the incidence of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and type 2 diabetes in adults: a longitudinal follow-up study. J Hypertens 35, 1909–1916.10.1097/HJH.0000000000001356CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaeini, Z, Bahadoran, Z, Mirmiran, P, et al. (2023) High-fat dairy products may decrease the risk of chronic kidney disease incidence: a long-term prospective cohort study. J Ren Nutr 33, 307–315.10.1053/j.jrn.2022.10.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geng, TT, Jafar, TH, Neelakantan, N, et al. (2021) Healthful dietary patterns and risk of end-stage kidney disease: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 113, 675–683.10.1093/ajcn/nqaa348CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gopinath, B, Harris, DC, Flood, VM, et al. (2011) Carbohydrate nutrition is associated with the 5-year incidence of chronic kidney disease. J Nutr 141, 433–439.10.3945/jn.110.134304CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gopinath, B, Harris, DC, Flood, VM, et al. (2016) Associations between dairy food consumption and chronic kidney disease in older adults. Sci Rep 6, 39532.10.1038/srep39532CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jhee, JH, Kee, YK, Park, JT, et al. (2019) A diet rich in vegetables and fruit and incident CKD: a community-based prospective cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis 74, 491–500.10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.02.023CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, H, Caulfield, LE, Garcia-Larsen, V, et al. (2019) Plant-based diets and incident CKD and kidney function. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol: CJASN 14, 682.10.2215/CJN.12391018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubo, S, Imano, H, Muraki, I, et al. (2023) Total protein intake and subsequent risk of chronic kidney disease: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study. Environ Health Prev Med 28, 32-.10.1265/ehpm.22-00247CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, CC, Howard, BV, Mete, M, et al. (2012) Association between fish consumption and nephropathy in American Indians—the Strong Heart study. J Renal Nutr 22, 221–227.10.1053/j.jrn.2011.03.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lew, Q-LJ, Jafar, TH, Koh, HWL, et al. (2017) Red meat intake and risk of ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol: JASN 28, 304.10.1681/ASN.2016030248CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lin, J, Hu, FB & Curhan, GC (2010) Associations of diet with albuminuria and kidney function decline. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol: CJASN 5, 836.10.2215/CJN.08001109CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, M, Ye, Z, Yang, S, et al. (2022) Habitual fish oil supplementation and incident chronic kidney disease in the UK Biobank. Nutrients 15, 22.10.3390/nu15010022CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ma, J, Jacques, PF, Hwang, S-J, et al. (2016) Dietary guideline adherence index and kidney measures in the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Kidney Dis 68, 703–715.10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.04.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mirmiran, P, Yuzbashian, E, Aghayan, M, et al. (2020) A prospective study of dietary meat intake and risk of incident chronic kidney disease. J Renal Nutr 30, 111–118.10.1053/j.jrn.2019.06.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, I, Xun, P, Tsinovoi, CL, et al. (2020) Intakes of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and non-fried fish in relation to incidence of chronic kidney disease in young adults: a 25-year follow-up. Eur J Nutr 59, 399–407.10.1007/s00394-019-02022-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rebholz, CM, Crews, DC, Grams, ME, et al. (2016) DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet and risk of subsequent kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 68, 853–861.10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.05.019CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rey-García, J, Donat-Vargas, C, Sandoval-Insausti, H, et al. (2021) Ultra-processed food consumption is associated with renal function decline in older adults: a prospective cohort study. Nutrients 13, 428.10.3390/nu13020428CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, H, Park, J, Kwon, SH, et al. (2024) Dietary cholesterol intake is not associated with the development of chronic kidney disease: results from two Korean cohort studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 34, 1198–1206.10.1016/j.numecd.2023.12.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, LQ, Wu, XH, Huang, YQ, et al. (2021) Dietary patterns and chronic kidney disease risk: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr J 20, 4.10.1186/s12937-020-00661-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Wymelbeke, V, Brondel, L, Bon, F, et al. (2016) An innovative brioche enriched in protein and energy improves the nutritional status of malnourished nursing home residents compared to oral nutritional supplement and usual breakfast: FARINE+ project. Clin Nutr ESPEN 15, 93–100.10.1016/j.clnesp.2016.06.012CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, JT, Palmer, SC, Wai, SN, et al. (2017) Healthy dietary patterns and risk of mortality and ESRD in CKD: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 12, 272–279.10.2215/CJN.06190616CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mafra, D, Borges, NA, de Franca Cardozo, LF, et al. (2018) Red meat intake in chronic kidney disease patients: two sides of the coin. Nutrition 46, 26–32.10.1016/j.nut.2017.08.015CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kitada, M, Ogura, Y, Monno, I, et al. (2018) A low-protein diet for diabetic kidney disease: its effect and molecular mechanism, an approach from animal studies. Nutrients 10, 544.10.3390/nu10050544CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bach, KE, Kelly, JT, Palmer, SC, et al. (2019) Healthy dietary patterns and incidence of CKD: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 14, 1441–1449.10.2215/CJN.00530119CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ko, GJ & Kalantar-Zadeh, K (2021) How important is dietary management in chronic kidney disease progression? A role for low protein diets. Korean J Internal Med 36, 795–806.10.3904/kjim.2021.197CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ros, E, Tapsell, LC & Sabaté, J (2010) Nuts and berries for heart health. Curr Atheroscler Rep 12, 397–406.10.1007/s11883-010-0132-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, K, Qian, D, Hu, Y, et al. (2022) Nut consumption and effects on chronic kidney disease and mortality in the United States. Am J Nephrol 53, 503–512.10.1159/000524382CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Sadeghi et al. supplementary material

Sadeghi et al. supplementary material
Download Sadeghi et al. supplementary material(File)
File 99.3 KB