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Cardinal Archbishop

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Reformation Cardinal: Reginald Pole in Sixteenth-Century Italy and England, ed. James Willoughby, Oxford: New College Library and Archives, 2023, pp. xviii + 153, ISBN: 978-1-9160651-3-0.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 July 2025

Susan Wabuda
Susan Wabuda*
Affiliation:
Professor Emerita of History, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road Bronx, NY 10458
*
Email: wabuda@fordham.edu
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Review Article
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British Catholic History , Volume 37 , Issue 2 , October 2024 , pp. 163 - 176
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© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Trustees of the Catholic Record Society

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Footnotes

*

For their encouragement, the author wishes to thank Anne Dillon, Paulina Kewes, Janet Sanderson, and Robert Tittler (who shared his memories of the late Jennifer Loach).

References

1 Margaret Gibson, ‘Normans and Angevins, 1070-1220’, in Patrick Collinson, Nigel Ramsay, and Margaret Sparks, eds. A History of Canterbury Cathedral (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 38-68, esp 62-5; and Katherine Eustace, ‘The Post-Reformation Monuments’, ibid., 511-552, especially 512-13.

2 Thomas F. Mayer, Reginald Pole: Prince and Prophet (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 345-54; Eustace, ‘Post-Reformation Monuments’, 512-13, 538-9 and pls. 130, 152. See also fig. 7.14 in Reformation Cardinal.

3 Thomas Cranmer, Routledge Historical Biographies series (London: Routledge, 2017), 1-12.

4 John Edwards is the author of Archbishop Pole (London: Routledge, 2014).

5 John Foxe, Actes and Monuments (London: John Daye, 1563, RSTC 11222), 1470-1503, and subsequent editions.

6 See the Introduction to The Book of Common Prayer: The Texts of 1549, 1559, and 1662 ed. Brian Cummings (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), and the concluding remarks of Diarmaid MacCulloch’s Thomas Cranmer (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 632.

7 The Act of Supremacy: 26 Henry VIII, c. 1; Stanford Lehmberg, The Reformation Parliament, 1529-1536 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 64-73; Peter Marshall, Heretics and Believers: a History of the English Reformation (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2017), 203-43.

8 25 Henry VIII, c. 22.

9 David Knowles and R. Neville Hadcock, Medieval Religious Houses England and Wales (London: Longman, 1971) and David Knowles, The Religious Orders in England: The Tudor Age, 3 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959). See also James G. Clark, The Dissolution of the Monasteries: A New History (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2021), 3; Harriet Lyon, Memory and the Dissolution of the Monasteries in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022), 1, 15.

10 See Anne Dillon’s important studies: The Construction of Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community, 1535-1603 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002), and Michelangelo and the English Martyrs (London: Routledge, 2016).

11 27 Hen. VIII c. 28; Lyon, Memory and the Dissolution, 4.

12 Thomas F. Mayer, ‘Becket’s Bones Burnt! Cardinal Pole and the Invention and Dissemination of an Atrocity’, in Thomas S. Freeman and Thomas F. Mayer, eds. Martyrs and Martyrdom in England, c. 1400-1700 (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2007), 126-43.

13 Wabuda, Cranmer, 158-160.

14 As a sample, see G. R. Elton, Policy and Police: the Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972) and his The Tudor Revolution in Government: Administrative Changes in the Reign of Henry VIII (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953). See also the comments about Elton’s historiography in my review essay in this journal: ‘Thomas Cromwell and His Revolution’, British Catholic History, 34 (2019): 478-485. The influential textbook by A. G. Dickens, The English Reformation (New York: Schocken Books, 1964) created the special historical category under that name. See also his expanded 2nd ed. The English Reformation (University Park, Pennsylvania, 1989).

15 Lyon, Memory and the Dissolution, 51-2, 86, 160, 246,

16 See the various studies on the queen by J. E. Neale, most especially Queen Elizabeth I (London: Jonathan Cape, 1934), which has been frequently reprinted.

17 Mayer, Prince and Prophet, especially 1-5, 10-11. Mayer noted at 59 that Pole may have learned Hebrew in 1528 because Henry was grooming him to take a leading role in establishing the invalidity of his first marriage by reference to the prohibitions listed in the Old Testament book of Leviticus. For his slow progress with Italian, see 138, and Susan Brigden, ‘The Early Life of Reginald Pole’, 10 in the volume under review.

18 Mayer, Prince and Prophet, 175-6; and his essay ‘The Conclave of Julius III and Cardinal Pole’ in his collection Cardinal Pole in European Context: A Via Media in the Reformation (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000). See also T. F. Mayer, ‘Pole, Reginald, 1500-1558, in The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (hereafter ODNB), online edition September 2004 [https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/22456 (Accessed 25th June 2024)].

19 See especially M. Anne Overell, Nicodemites: Faith and Concealment between Italy and Tudor England. St Andrews Studies in Reformation History (Leiden: Brill, 2019), ch. 2.

20 Eamon Duffy, Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 29.

21 D. M. Loades, The Reign of Mary Tudor: Politics, Government, and Religion in England, 1553-1558 (London: Ernest Benn, 1979), vii-viii.

22 Jennifer Loach and Robert Tittler, eds. The Mid-Tudor Polity, c.1540-1560, (London: Macmillan, 1980). Robert Tittler’s The Reign of Mary I (London: Longman, 1983) was periodically re-issued in subsequent editions. Jennifer Loach’s Parliament and the Crown in the Reign of Mary Tudor (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986) was developed from her 1974 doctoral thesis. Her untimely death in 1995 was a loss to the field.

23 John Bossy, The English Catholic Community, 1570-1850 (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1975); and more recently, John W. O’Malley, Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000); Lucy Wooding, Rethinking Catholicism in Reformation England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000).

24 Dillon’s Construction of Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community (2002) has led the field.

25 Susan Brigden, London and the Reformation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989).

26 Thomas Starkey: A Dialogue Between Pole and Lupset, ed. T. F. Mayer, Camden Fourth Series, 37 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1989).

27 T. F. Mayer, ‘Nursery of Resistance: Reginald Pole and His Friends’, in Political Thought and the Tudor Commonwealth: Deep Structure, Discourse and Disguise, eds. Paul A. Fideler and T. F. Mayer (London: Routledge, 1992), 51-76.

28 Mayer, Prince and Prophet, 3, 11-12, 439-51.

29 The Correspondence of Reginald Pole, ed. Thomas F. Mayer, Volume 1. A Calendar, 1518-1546: Beginnings to the Legate of Viterbo (Aldershot: Ashgate 2002); Volume 2. A Calendar, 1547-1554: A Power in Rome (2003); Volume 3. A Calendar, 1555-1558: Restoring the English Church (2004); Volume 4: A Biographical Companion: the British Isles (also ed. Courtney B. Walters, 2008).

30 Thomas F. Mayer, The Trial of Galileo, 1612-1633 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012); The Roman Inquisition: A Papal Bureaucracy and Its Laws in the Age of Galileo (Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2013); The Roman Inquisition on the Stage of Italy, c. 1590-1640 (Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2014); and The Roman Inquisition: Trying Galileo (Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 2015).

31 Mayer, Prince and Prophet, 3-4.

32 In Act I, Scene 4 of The Tragedy of King Richard the Third, Shakespeare shifted the responsibility for Clarence’s death from the king to their brother Richard. To protect Henry Tudor’s reputation, Shakespeare also ascribed to Richard the arrangement of the 14-year-old Margaret’s marriage to ‘a mean-born gentleman’: Act IV, Scene 2.

33 Also, Mayer, Prince and Prophet, 5, 46-7.

34 Ibid., 46-7.

35 Also, Mayer, Prince and Prophet, 48; Susan Wabuda, ‘Cardinal Woley and Cambridge’, British Catholic History, 32 (2015), 280-92.

36 The Correspondence of Sir Thomas More, ed. Elizabeth Frances Rogers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1947), no. 71; Mayer, Prince and Prophet, 47. Margaret succeeded her brother when she became Countess of Salisbury suo jure in early 1512. See Hazel Pierce, ‘Margaret Pole, suo jure countess of Salisbury, 1473-15’, ODNB, online edition September 2004 [https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/22451 (Accessed 25th June 2024)].

37 For Pole’s library, see also Lucy Wooding’s chapter in the present volume, ‘“Now is the hour for us to wake from sleep”’, 96.

38 Also, Mayer, Prince and Prophet, 49-54.

39 Frederick E. Smith is the author of the recent monograph, Transnational Catholicism in Tudor England: Mobility, Exile, and Counter-Reformation, 1530-1580 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022).

40 25 Henry VIII, c. 22.

41 T. F. Mayer, ‘A Mission Worse than Death: Reginald Pole and the Parisian Theologians’, English Historical Review 103 (1988), 870-91; and included in his essays, Cardinal Pole in European Context.

42 See the forthcoming book by Paulina Kewes, Contesting the Royal Succession in Reformation England: Latimer to Shakespeare (Oxford).

43 Mayer, ‘“Becket’s Bones Burnt!”’, 126-43.

44 Abigail Brundin is the author of Vittoria Colonna and the Spiritual Poetics of the Italian Reformation (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008). See also Vittoria Colonna’s Sonnets for Michelangelo, ed. and trans. Abigail Brundin (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 2005); Vittoria Colonna, Selected Letters, 1523-1546: A Bilingual Edition. eds. and trans. Abigail Brundin and Veronica Copello (Toronto: Iter and ACMRS Press, 2022).

45 Illustrated as figs. 6.6 and 6.7 in Dillon’s ‘Martyrdom and Michelangelo’.

46 Mayer, Prince and Prophet, 103-130.

47 Further, see also Overell’s essays in Nicodemites.

48 Eric Ives, Lady Jane Grey: a Tudor Mystery (Oxford: Blackwell, 2009).

49 See Christine Kooi, Reformation in the Low Countries, 1500-1620 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022), 63-73.

50 See also Duffy, Fires of Faith, 171-87.

51 See Thomas S. Freeman, ‘Harpsfield, Nicholas, 1519-1575’, ODNB, online edition September 2004 [https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/12369 (Accessed 25 June 2024)].

52 Wabuda, Cranmer, 237.

53 Miri Rubin, ‘Choosing Death? Experiences of Martyrdom in Late Medieval Europe’, in Diana Wood, ed. Martyrs and Martyrologies, Studies in Church History, vol. 30 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993),153-183, quotation at 182.

54 Marshall, Heretics and Believers, x-xix (quotation at xii), 574-9.