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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 July 2025
Richard Russell (1630–93), priest, courtier, and diplomat, has largely been overlooked in English Catholic historiography. A student and later patron of the English College at Lisbon, Russell saw the college thrive. Russell began life as a servant to the college’s fifth president, Edward Pickford (1642–48). He went on to become an attaché to the Portuguese diplomatic corps, and served as a courtier to Queen Catherine of Braganza, before becoming bishop of Portalegre (1671–85) and later bishop of Viseu (1685–93). This article is based on the Letters and Papers of Richard Russell, kept at Ushaw College, Durham. The records reveal a man of considerable ability, patience, resilience and astuteness. As a young man he skilfully aided the Portuguese delegation’s deliberations at Whitehall, culminating in the Anglo-Portuguese marriage alliance of 1661. As courtier to the young Portuguese queen, he managed English Catholic affairs in London and on the Continent, providing protection to colleagues and benefices to his fellow priests from the English College at Lisbon.
The author would like to thank the staff and students of Ushaw College, Durham, whilst it was still a seminary and to the staff who currently work at Ushaw Historic House.
1 Thanks to Claire Marsland, curator of the Ushaw Historic House collections, for dating the painting to the 1670s: all other attributions to the provenance of this item are my own. The date of the painting would suggest it was commissioned by the Council of Superiors of the English College at Lisbon when Russell was bishop of Portalegre (1671–85). The painting, on canvas, is taken from an etching by Thomas Dudley (1679).
2 Citations to the Russell Letters [1667 – 86] (GB-0298-LC/P7) and Russell Papers [1649 – 73] (GB-0298-LC/P6) use the item level description given in the catalogues created by Dr Jonathan Bush, November 2016 and May 2017 respectively. All references to other material from the Ushaw College Library (Lisbon Collection) use the citations as given by the University of Durham’s Discover catalogue.
3 Lisbon College Register, 1628–1813, ed. Michael Sharratt, Catholic Record Society: Records Series 72 (London: The Catholic Record Society, 1991), 164–7 and 211–13 hereafter referred to as Annals. All biographical detail of men educated at the English College at Lisbon have been taken from Sharratt, transcribed from the MS 111 [LC/V111] Annales Collegii: a register of staff and students from 1628.
4 Watkinson’s successor as president, Edward Jones (1707–29), used what records he had to populate the entries in the college’s Annals from the 1670s to his own time.
5 L.M.E. Shaw, Trade, Inquisition and the English Nation in Portugal, 1650 – 1690 (Manchester: Carcanet, 1989).
6 Ibid., 141–9.
7 Sharratt, Annals, 164 –7.
8 The Mission Oath was written in 1640 as codified in the Liber Missionis. See Ushaw College Archive, Durham, Lisbon Collection, Book Archive 215 [LC/V215], Liber Missionis, 1 and 37. Sharratt, Annals, 164 – 7. Sharratt transcribed and translated the original entry of Richard Russell from the college’s Annals. President Edward Pickford (1642–48) began Russell’s entry and successive presidents added to the entry: Humphrey Whitaker (1651–53); Thomas Tilden (1654–61) and Edward Jones (1707–29).
9 J. J. Crowley, ‘Dr Richard Russell (1630–1693), bishop of Vizeu’, The Lisbonian 17/2 (1933): 13 and 15.
10 Shaw has written extensively on the 1654 Treaty in L.M.E. Shaw, The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and The English Merchants in Portugal 1654–1810 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), 77–186.
11 Simon Johnson, The English College at Lisbon, 1622 – 1972 (Leominster: Gracewing, 2023), 1 – 8.
12 Shaw, Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 170 – 86.
13 See Johnson, English College Lisbon, 46 and 61 and Shaw, Trade, Inquisition and the English Nation, 147.
14 The London District was canonically erected in 1688 after James II expanded the vicariate model of 1685. The Vicar Apostolic of the London District ‘inherited’ the governance of the English College at Lisbon, though the presidents of the college continued to work directly with the English Chapter in matters pertaining to college business and administration. It was only in the 1740s, under President John Manley, that the college’s administration referred to Bishop Richard Challoner as the ‘superintendent’ of the college and recognised his authority over the English Chapter. For John Gother, see Sharratt, Annals, 66–7.
15 Joseph Gillow, A literary and biographical history, or, Bibliographical dictionary of the English Catholics, from the breach with Rome, in 1534, to the present time (London: Burns & Oates, 1885) G 5.2 [PHI – Z], 455 – 7.
16 Shaw, Trade, Inquisition and the English Nation in Portugal, 144.
17 Sir Richard Fanshaw was envoy in Lisbon (1662 – 64). For details of the articles of marriage see Shaw, Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 15.
18 Shaw, Trade, Inquisition and the English Nation, 144.
19 José Pedro Paiva, ‘The Appointment of Bishops in Early-Modern Portugal (1495–1777)’, The Catholic Historical Review 97 (2011): 481.
20 Sharratt, Annals, 198–200.
21 LC/P6/9 [April/May 1662] List (in Catherine’s hand) of the queen’s household as they were to be quartered at Portsmouth (Portuguese).
22 Russell formed a close relationship with Philip Howard (1629–94), later Cardinal Protector of the English Mission, who was also at the private Catholic wedding between Charles II and Catherine in Portsmouth.
23 Shaw, Trade, Inquisition and the English Nation, 144.
24 M. Leonor Machado de Sousa, ‘Russell, Richard (1630 – 93)’ in H.C.G. Matthew and Brian Harrison eds. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) 48: 333.
25 The Lencastre dynasty were one of the most prestigious in Portugal. They were descended from the House of Aveiro and an illegitimate branch of João II (o Príncipe Perfeito) (1481 – 95). Eight bishops came from the family throughout the early modern period.
26 Machado de Sousa, ‘Russell, Richard (1630 – 93)’ 48: 333.
27 William Croft, Historical Account of Lisbon College (London, 1902); John Kirk, ‘Historical Account of Lisbon College’ Catholic Magazine (1834 – 35); J. J Crowley, ‘Dr. Richard Russell (1630 – 1693), Bishop of Vizeu’, The Lisbonian (December, 1933), 11–16; (July, 1934), 9–16; (December, 1934), 11–21; (July, 1935), 12–16; (December, 1935), 17–22; (June, 1936), 17–20; Michael Sharratt, ‘Bishop Russell and John Sergeant’ Ushaw Magazine (June, 1979): 22–37.
28 Shaw, Trade, Inquisition and the English Nation, 146.
29 Maria Leonor Machado de Sousa, ‘Memorias chronologicas dos bispos de Viseu’, Viseu City Library, Portugal, MS 1767.
30 Paiva, ‘Appointment of Bishops’, 466.
31 Victor Houliston, Thomas McCoog, Ana Sáez-Hidalgo, Javier Burrieza Sánchez and Giverva Crosignani, The Correspondence and Unpublished Papers of Robert Persons, SJ, Volume 2: 1588 – 1597 (Toronto: Pontifical Academy of Mediaeval Studies, 2023), 289, 303 and 638.
32 For an excellent overview of the ‘British Factory’ in Lisbon see Shaw, Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 62–76.
33 Johnson, English College Lisbon, 1–8; Patricia O’Connell, The Irish College at Lisbon, 1590–1834 (Dublin, 1997).
34 The English Bridgettines had resided in Lisbon since (1594), and Irish Dominicans, led by the formidable Daniel O’ Daly (1595–1662) [Domingo dos Rosario], established houses in Corpo Santo for Irish Dominican brothers (1629) and Bom Successo for Irish Dominican sisters (1639). Lisbon had a large English mercantile community as well as a significant group of Catholic ‘expats’ who had fled England from the 1570s.
35 Edward Jones, England’s Last Medieval Monastery: Syon Abbey, 1415–2015 (Leominster: Gracewing, 2015).
36 William Hargrave (alias Danby, Hart and Holdcroft) [1597–1661] was appointed third president of the college by Bishop Richard Smith in 1634. See Sharratt, Annals, 77–9. Hargrave had several relatives resident at the Bridgettine convent of Syon. Syon had moved from the Franciscan convent of Esperança to the Sitio de Mocambo under the patronage of Doña Isabel de Azevedo. Gillow noted a Lady Elizabeth Hart (an alias Hargrave used himself) as the first abbess of the community when it removed from Rouen to Lisbon. Another aunt, Margaret Hart, died at Syon in the summer of 1628. See John R. Fletcher, The Story of the English Bridgettines of Syon Abbey (South Brent: Syon Abbey, 1933), 113–9 and 166.
37 LC/P7/4 [16 December 1669] John Marks (Chaplain at Syon) to President Mathias Watkinson. See Fletcher, English Bridgettines, 12.
38 José Pedro Paiva, ‘As comunicações no âmbito de Igreja e da Inquisiçao’, in Margarida Sobral Neto, ed. As comunicaçoes na Idade Moderna (Lisbon, 2005), 156–7.
39 Manuel Rodrigues Leitão, Tratado analítico e apologético sobre os provimentos dos bispados da coroa de Portugal (Lisbon, 1715).
40 Paiva, ‘Appointment of Bishops’, 463. See Charles R. Boxer, The Church Militant and the Iberian Expansion, 1440–1770 (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1978).
41 See Corpo Diplomático Portuguez contend os actos e relações políticas de Portugal com as diversas potencias do mundo desde o século XVI atè aos nossos dias (Lisbon, 1862). See also the excellent work by José Pedro Paiva, Os bispos de Portugal e do império 1495–1777 (Coimbra, 2006).
42 Paiva, ‘Appointing Bishops’, 464.
43 LC/P7/11 [5 October 1672] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
44 LC/P7/7 [17 May 1672] Bishop Richard Russell (at Nisa) to President Mathias Watkinson.
45 For the disputes between the college’s secular founders and the English Jesuits resident in Portugal see Johnson, English College Lisbon, 5, 7 n.21, 10 and 13.
46 LC/P7/99 [21 October 1676] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
47 LC/P7/11 [5 October 1672] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
48 Johnson, English College Lisbon, 195–6.
49 The Dominican Inquisitor General of Portugal and the College’s Protector. Ibid., 55.
50 LC/P7/7 [17 May 1672] Bishop Richard Russell (at Nisa) to President Mathias Watkinson.
51 a pretty lady – a ‘goody’.
52 LC/P7/7 [17 May 1672] Bishop Richard Russell (at Nisa) to President Mathias Watkinson.
53 Russell is exercising his dry humour here. ‘Suspicion’ of help is a reference to the parlous state of relations between bishops and their chapters after the Spanish Domination from 1580 where Portuguese sees were controlled by the Spanish Crown, and later the War of Independence (from 1640).
54 LC/P7/11 [5 October 1672] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
55 Russell took the business of Tridentine reform most seriously in the management of his diocesan seminary and his college of canons. See LC/P7/29 [21 October 1673] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
56 Fisher was an exceptionally talented student who dedicated his logical theses to Lady Anne Radcliffe. His general theses from Philosophy were dedicated to his patron, Bishop Russell. Sharratt, Annals, 51 – 2.
57 A small town of four parishes and located by the Serra de São Mamede in Portalegre.
58 A strategic river crossing point in Santarem where inland traffic took to the Tagus as a ‘water highway’ to Lisbon. With the establishment in 1648 of the House in Cadaval Muge, the barge from the Port of New Muge assumed preponderance for its role in the path that the nobles travelled from Lisbon to Muge and vice versa.
59 LC/P7/15 [29 November 1672] Bishop Richard Russell (at Arronches) to President Mathias Watkinson.
60 Return to his vomit. Ibid.
61 Entrance. Ibid.
62 To compare the small with the great, ‘I came, I saw, I conquered’. Ibid.
63 Infinite. Ibid.
64 LC/P7/15 [29 November 1672] Bishop Richard Russell (at Arronches) to President Mathias Watkinson (p.s.) [30 November 1672].
65 Fernanda Olival, ‘The Military Orders and the Nobility in Portugal, 1500 – 1800’, Mediterranean Studies 11 (2002): 71.
66 The organisation managed charitable foundations, which had been established, in trust, for pious works. This often included Mass stipends for the repose of souls (usually the soul of the benefactor). Dom Pedro Coutinho had a sizeable backlog of unsaid Masses, for the repose of his soul, by the Great Earthquake of 1755. The college’s Council of Superiors eventually had the pious deficit written off by the Holy See.
67 LC/P7/22 [18 April 1673] Bishop Richard Russell (at Ponte de Sor) to President Mathias Watkinson.
68 LC/P7/21 [18 April 1673] Bishop Richard Russell (at Ponte de Sor) to President Mathias Watkinson.
69 Paiva, ‘Appointing Bishops’, 467.
70 Russell is referring here to an exorcism; Canon Antonio Froes was the diocesan exorcist. See also LC/P7/27 [27 September 1673] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
71 The counting houses (contos) or custom houses (alfandega) of Lisbon.
72 LC/P7/35 [7 February 1675] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
73 Russell refers to the great work of Henry Spondanus, Annalium Baronii Epitomes (Rome, 1660). See also LC/P7/87 [29 July 1676] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
74 A mohatra contract enables the loaning of money with interest without breaking the letter of usury laws. The lender sells the borrower a trivial object to be paid for on the loan due date. The borrower then sells the same object back immediately for cash at the price minus the interest. These contracts were so common that it became a standard commercial term used for centuries. In 1679, the Holy Office of the Vatican issued a decree condemning the idea that contractus mohatra licitus est, stating that such contracts violated the Biblical prohibitions on usury.
75 Releases.
76 LC/P7/100 [2 November 1676] Bishop Richard Russell (at Castello de Vide) to President Mathias Watkinson.
77 LC/P7/107 [9 November 1676] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
78 Choir master.
79 LC/P7/33 [16 January 1675] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
80 LC/P7/32 [9 January 1675] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
81 Gillow, Bibliographical Dictionary, 37.
82 Paiva, ‘Appointing Bishops’, 469.
83 A ‘judgement of relationship’: this document cited the case between Russell as ordinary of Portalegre and the Order of St John, at the priory.
84 LC/P7/28 [18 October 1673] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
85 Olival, ‘Military Orders’, 86.
86 Ibid., 88.
87 Ibid., 86.
88 Fernanda Olival, ‘An Elite? The Meaning of Knighthood in the Portuguese Military Orders of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, Mediterranean Studies, 15 (2006): 125.
89 LC/P7/22 [26 April 1673] Bishop Richard Russell (at Nisa) to President Mathias Watkinson.
90 ‘and for the sake of life to destroy the reasons for living.’
91 See Francisco Bethencourt, Strangers Within: The Rise and Fall of the New Christian Trading Elite (London: Princeton University Press, 2024).
92 LC/P7/23 [10 May 1673] Bishop Richard Russell (at Ponte de Sor) to President Mathias Watkinson.
93 The ‘black mouth’. See LC/P7/25 [2 August 1673] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
94 LC/P7/40 [28 March 1675] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
95 See Sharratt, Annals, for ‘William Reynolds (1)’, 160.
96 See Johnson, English College Lisbon, 242 for ‘Doctor Hesketh’s Alphabet’ (1667 – 1739).
97 LC/P7/95 [23 September 1676] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
98 Desk.
99 ‘Let us see whether a bishop can liken her a gaol house to be as his dormitory.’
100 Russell had several relatives in the English convent of the Bridgettines of Syon, Lisbon: Ann Russell, a choir nun, (niece), professed on 22 August 1691 (d. 2 January 1702) and Mary Russell, a choir nun, (sister) who was professed on 28 August 1662 (d. 23 December 1699). There were also three of his sister’s family resident at the convent. Dorothy Waldegrave, a choir nun, professed on 26 July 1694 (d. 11 February 1725); Elizabeth Bridget Waldegrave, a choir nun, professed on 2 September 1681 (d. 1716) and Jane Waldegrave, a choir nun, professed on the 26 July 1694 (d. 1 July 1731). [All in Fletcher].
101 LC/P7/99 [21 October 1676] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
102 Elizabeth Goodwin, ‘“The Princess of Blacks”: Enslaved women within seventeenth-century Portugal in the letters of Bishop Richard Russell’ (paper given at the ‘Popery, Politics and Prayer’, the Fourth Early Modern British and Irish Catholicism Conference, Durham University, 13 July 2023).
103 LC/P7/94 [16 September 1676] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
104 The ‘ordered goods.’
105 LC/P7/104 [25 November 1676] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
106 A pariah.
107 A mistrust.
108 LC/P7/105 [2 December 1676] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
109 Johnson, English College Lisbon, 60–2.
110 Shaw, Trade, Inquisition and the English Nation, 142.
111 Russell had a land dispute with the neighbouring Conde de Miranda Castañar, a Castilian nobleman across the border of Portalegre.
112 A notary in the employment of the cabido at Portalegre.
113 LC/P7/24 [17 May 1673] Bishop Richard Russell (at Ponte de Sor) to President Mathias Watkinson.
114 LC/P7/105 [2 December 1676] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
115 LC/P7/94 [16 September 1676] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
116 Sharratt, Annals, 161 – 2 [John Robinson (1) c. 1615 – 76].
117 The English Factory housed a conglomerate of English, largely but not exclusively Protestant, merchants who operated within the city. A Portuguese mob attacked the Factory resulting in the slaughter of twelve ‘brethren of the Reformation.’ Russell suggested that to retain good relations with the community Watkinson should make discreet overtures to the merchant community distancing the college from those ‘who laugh at their weeping and think they are well served and deservedly for their pride, rebellion and heresy.’
118 LC/P7/96 [4 October 1676] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
119 Shaw, Trade, Inquisition and the English Nation, 148.
120 LC/P7/96 [4 October 1676] Marshal of France, the Duke of Luxembourg, François-Henri de Montmorency (1628 – 95). He was ordered to keep the Duke of Lorraine out of Phillipsburg.
121 LC/P7/104 [25 November 1676] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
122 Humphrey Waring (alias Stephen Ellis [c. 1605–76]). Waring was president from August 1648 until 1651. He was elected Dean of the English Chapter in 1658.
123 Francis Gage (alias White). See Godfrey Anstruther, The Seminary Priests. A Dictionary of the Secular Clergy of England and Wales 1558–1850, 4 vols. (Durham: Ushaw College, 1975 – 77), 2: 119–20. On 23 January 1676 Gage was nominated president of Douai. He led the administration at Douai from 26 May 1676 until his death on 2 June 1683.
124 This refers to the 1678 act which banned Catholics from sitting in Parliament. Initially the act was only for the lower house however a further act (30 Car. II. c. 2) required all peers and MPs to make a declaration against transubstantiation, invocation of saints and the sacrament of the Mass.
125 LC/P7/104 [25 November 1676] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
126 Sharratt, Annals, 86.
127 Hesketh exacerbated problems of regional division. The ‘Lancashire’ party created elitism within the student body but, Russell, perhaps as a proud Berkshire man, dissuaded this North-South divide. See LC/P7/106 [9 December 1676] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
128 The legates dealing with Russell’s ecclesiastical disputes with the military orders in Portalegre.
129 LC/P7/121 [20 July 1678] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
130 See LC/P7/135 [March 1682] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
131 Machado de Sousa, ‘Russell, Richard (1630–93)’, 48: 333–4.
132 Shaw, Trade, Inquisition and the English Nation, 144–5.
133 LC/P7/15 [29 November 1672] Bishop Richard Russell (Arronches) to President Mathias Watkinson and LC/P7/18 [20 February 1673] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson. See also Old Catalogue 291, Wills, 6 February 1694.
134 Heirs who are due inheritance. A Portuguese legal term meaning ‘forced heirs.’ Though Russell had several nephews, the terms of the funds of 1662 to the college were to provide bursaries for several students, many of whom were his relations. This gift caused great stress between the college’s administration and Russell, who attempted to control the college’s admission policy by referral back to his original terms of donation.
135 LC/P7/15 [29 November 1672] Bishop Richard Russell (Arronches) to President Mathias Watkinson and LC/P7/18 [20 February 1673] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
136 LC/P7/37 [27 February 1675] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
137 LC/P7/39 [13 March 1675] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
138 LC/P7/143 [November 1685] President Watkinson and the Council of Superiors to Bishop Richard Russell. The college acknowledged the right of Russell to nominate on the ‘portos secos’ fund (see fn. 147) but ensured the bishop was aware of his debts.
139 Sharratt, Annals, 207.
140 Nicholas Waldegrave was paid for by his uncle. Waldegrave arrived at the college in May 1683. He was Russell’s heir and executor. See Sharratt, Annals, 207. The lawsuit between Russell and the college is contained in a MS in the Old Catalogue collection, no. 144.
141 The portos secos funds were revenues given to Russell by the queen regent in recognition of his work on the marriage treaty of 1661. Acquired in 1662, Russell handed over the administration of the fund to the college’s president. There were other revenue streams that the college enjoyed from their work as visitors of the non-Catholic shipping traffic in the port of Lisbon. The Portuguese Inquisition entrusted the searching of ‘foreign’ ships to the English College, and they enjoyed an income stream from that work. The revenues from the searching of foreign ships for heretical books was an inheritance from the time the English Residence housed both Jesuit and secular priests amongst its members.
142 ‘an arrow in flight’.
143 ‘secret’.
144 Psalm 90, v. 6 (Vulgate): ‘the noonday devil’.
145 LC/P7/141 [22 August 1685] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
146 LC/P7/141 [22 August 1685] Bishop Richard Russell to the Council of Superiors.
147 Vere Charles Tillingham (alias Jennings [c.1653-?]): a nobleman from Essex and procurator of the college from 12 May 1678–18 June 1681 when he left for the English Mission. Russell refers to the college’s dispute between the Council of Superiors and Russell and Hesketh (former procurator). Perrot, as Dean of the English Chapter (1676–1714) acted as an un-official ‘chief-arbiter’ in solving Lisbonian matters.
148 LC/P7/133 [17 December 1681] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
149 LC/C44 [22 September 1701 o.s.] Bishops John Leyburn, Bonaventure Giffard and James Smith to President Mathias Watkinson.
150 ‘believe one who has experienced it.’
151 President George Leyburn (President of Douai, 1652 – 70) resigned in favour of his son John Leyburn on 24 June 1670. Russell raises the point as the case is similar with President Mathias Watkinson’s administration and his style of government. Leyburn’s presidency was made untenable by the dissent and dissatisfaction of his staff.
152 ‘from a super-abundance’.
153 as if it had not been.
154 ‘ready to conquer evil with good’.
155 LC/P7/133 [17 December 1681] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
156 LC/P7/141 [22 August 1685] Bishop Richard Russell to President Mathias Watkinson.
157 LC/P7/144 [27 April 1686] Bishop Richard Russell to Roger Hesketh.
158 Shaw, Trade, Inquisition and the English Nation, 143.
159 Johnson, English College Lisbon.
160 See F. de Gouveia e Sousa, ‘D. Ricardo Russell: um inglês bispo de Viseu’, Beira Alta 9 (1950): 323 and I. Ramos and I. Lousada, ‘O Colégio dos Inglesinhos em Lisboa’, Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portuguese 5 (1995): 9 –44.
161 Croft, Historical Account, 41.