Hostname: page-component-54dcc4c588-sdd8f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-13T01:47:49.301Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Unintended Burden of the Use of Transmission-Based Precautions for Suspected COVID-19 Patients in the Ambulatory Setting

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2025

Rebecca Stern
Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Tom Talbot
Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Katherine Bashaw
Affiliation:
VUMC

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Background: Implementation of transmission-based precautions has predominantly been performed in inpatient acute care settings. Limited guidance is available on applying these precautions in ambulatory clinics, especially for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. This timed analysis of empiric isolation precautions for COVID-19 in walk-in clinics (WIC) aimed to identify unintended impacts that are underappreciated with inpatient use. Methods: An observational analysis at four WIC sites in an academic hospital network was conducted in July-October 2024. Patients who screened positive at check-in with cough, sore throat, congestion, or recent COVID-19 positive testing triggered an electronic notification on the need for airborne and contact isolation precautions with eye protection. A timed evaluation of healthcare personnel (HCP) to don and doff personal protective equipment (PPE) upon patient room entry and exit was performed by two observers using a standardized process with a stopwatch. HCP were surveyed regarding attitudes and barriers using a 5-point Likert scale on REDCap. Results: Sixty patient encounters requiring COVID-19 isolation were observed, representing 30.4% of the total WIC patients seen during the observation periods (N=197 over 36.5 hours). Cough and sore throat were the most common symptoms triggering isolation (both 55%). The mean time to don and doff PPE per room entry and exit was 1.58 and 0.57 minutes, respectively (2.16 minutes per don and doff cycle; Table 1). HCP performed donning and doffing an average of 1.8 times (range 1-4) per patient. Extrapolated to a 12-hour shift, this adds 1.3 hours to daily activities and encompasses 35 sets of PPE (e.g. gowns, gloves, eye protection, respirators), contributing to WIC waste volumes (Table 2). HCP survey respondents (N=26/49) indicated a majority strong agreement that PPE increased the time required, burden to HCP, and waste. Conclusions: Multiple workflow, resource, and HCP burdens of using full COVID-19 isolation precautions for WIC patients suggest that refining isolation criteria for ambulatory settings may help preserve clinic efficiency and limit waste. This pilot occurred during a period with low COVID-19 and influenza-like illness incidence, underscoring the challenges of scaling empiric transmission-based precautions to high-volume clinics during surges of respiratory virus season. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impacts of eliminating the gown and gloves components of PPE for COVID-19 in ambulatory settings, which may be unnecessary given the lower likelihood of transmission by non-airborne routes, short duration of outpatient clinic encounters which limits environmental contamination with SARS-CoV-2 virus, and lack of aerosol-generating procedures.

Information

Type
COVID-19
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America