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Impact of Stopping Contact Isolation for Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci on vanA Plasmid Transmission, Northern California, 2021–2023

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2025

Guillermo Rodriguez Nava
Affiliation:
Stanford University School of Medicine
Matt Grieshop
Affiliation:
Stanford University
Alessandro Zulli
Affiliation:
Stanford Health Care
Eugenia Miranti
Affiliation:
Stanford Health Care
Wajeeha Tariq
Affiliation:
Stanford University
Erika Paola Viana Cardenas
Affiliation:
Stanford University
Mindy Sampson
Affiliation:
Stanford University
Alexandria Boehm
Affiliation:
Stanford University
Ami Bhatt
Affiliation:
Stanford University
Jorge Salinas
Affiliation:
Stanford University

Abstract

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Introduction: Enterococci are the third most common healthcare-associated pathogen, with 30% of isolates resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Resistance is often conferred by the vanA gene cluster on transposon Tn1546 and is frequently plasmid-borne. The suspected role of person-to-person transmission prompted the recommendation for VRE isolation precautions in 1995. However, quasi-experimental studies in hospitals discontinuing these precautions found no significant increases in VRE infections or bacterial clone spread using short-read whole genome sequencing (WGS). We used long-read WGS to analyze vanA plasmid transmission dynamics after discontinuing isolation precautions for VRE at Stanford University Hospital. Methods: This study was conducted at Stanford University Hospital, an 800-bed quaternary referral and transplant center. Routine contact precautions for VRE were discontinued on October 1, 2021. Blood culture Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium isolates collected during 2021 (prior to and following discontinuation) were included, along with additional isolates retrieved from January–October 2023. Bacterial whole genome sequencing with long-read nanopore technology was performed. Custom analyses were performed on the assembled genomes. Patient data were collected retrospectively. Results: We retrieved 105 blood culture isolates (36.2%) from the isolation period (January–October 2021) and 185 isolates (63.8%) from the no isolation period (October–December 2021, January–October 2023), representing 202 unique patients. Patient characteristics and microbiological findings are shown in Table 1. Only 4.3% (7/171) of E. faecalis and 70.5% (84/119) of E. faecium isolates were vancomycin-resistant. Long-read WGS revealed no clustering between the isolation and no isolation periods. (Figure 1A and B); however, a dominant E. faecium ST117 cluster was seen, while E. faecalis showed greater diversity (Figure 1C). There were only four pairs of putative transmissions Conclusion: The discontinuation of contact isolation precautions at Stanford Hospital did not result in an increase in genetically related Enterococci or genetically related vanA plasmids among patients with Enterococcal bacteremia.

Information

Type
Molecular Epidemiology
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America