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IMAGES OF THE MULTILINGUAL BRAIN: THE EFFECT OF AGE OF SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2008

Elise Wattendorf  and
Julia Festman
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Abstract

Is it the age of second language acquisition (AoA) that primarily determines the manner of cerebral representation of multiple languages in the brain, or is it proficiency? Here, we review recent neuroimaging studies that aimed at investigating AoA effects by comparing early with late (usually with L2 acquisition onset after 6 years of age) bilinguals during a variety of language tasks on a number of languages. Most studies did indeed report AoA effects. Of particular interest is that the region mainly found to functionally differ between early and late bilinguals is the left inferior frontal gyrus, which was modulated during syntactic processing, word generation, and sentence generation. Additionally, differences were observed in gray-matter density of the posterior parietal cortex as well as in right-hemisphere involvement. Interestingly, despite some convergence of findings from a localizational point of view, underlying causes of organizational and functional differences for the effect of AoA on bilingual language processing still remain to be uncovered. Hypotheses currently used for explaining activation differences are described (notably cortical efficiency, executive control, neuroanatomical changes, and right-hemisphere involvement) in relation to AoA and language proficiency.

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Research Article
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Annual Review of Applied Linguistics , Volume 28 , March 2008 , pp. 3 - 24
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

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References

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Mummery, C. J., Ashburner, J., Scott, S. K., & Wise, R. J. S. (1999). Functional neuroimaging of speech perception in six normal and two aphasic subjects. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106, 449–457.Google Scholar
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Neville, H., & Bavelier, D. (2002). Human brain plasticity: Evidence from sensory deprivation and altered language experience. Plasticity in the Adult Brain: From Genes to Neurotherapy, 138, 177–188.Google Scholar
Ofan, R. H., & Zohary, E. (2007). Visual cortex activation in bilingual blind individuals during use of native and second language. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 1249–1259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pallier, C., Dehaene, S., Poline, J. B., LeBihan, D., Argenti, A. M., Dupoux, E., et al. (2003). Brain imaging of language plasticity in adopted adults: Can a second language replace the first? Cerebral Cortex, 13, 155–161Google Scholar
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Paradis, M. (2004). A neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
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Penfield, W., & Roberts, L. (1959). Speech and brain mechanisms. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Perani, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2005). The neural basis of first and second language processing. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 202–206.Google Scholar
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