Hostname: page-component-cb9f654ff-rkzlw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-08-01T21:34:05.947Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Recent developments in altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant-derived foods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 September 2012

K. J. Shingfield ,
M. Bonnet  and
N. D. Scollan
K. J. Shingfield*
Affiliation:
MTT Agrifood Research, Animal Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
M. Bonnet
Affiliation:
INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France VetAgro Sup, Élevage et production des ruminants, F-63370 Lempdes, France
N. D. Scollan
Affiliation:
Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan Campus, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK
*
†E-mail: kevin.shingfield@mtt.fi
Get access

Abstract

There is increasing evidence to indicate that nutrition is an important factor involved in the onset and development of several chronic human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease (CVD), type II diabetes and obesity. Clinical studies implicate excessive consumption of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans-fatty acids (TFA) as risk factors for CVD, and in the aetiology of other chronic conditions. Ruminant-derived foods are significant sources of medium-chain SFA and TFA in the human diet, but also provide high-quality protein, essential micronutrients and several bioactive lipids. Altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant-derived foods offers the opportunity to align the consumption of fatty acids in human populations with public health policies without the need for substantial changes in eating habits. Replacing conserved forages with fresh grass or dietary plant oil and oilseed supplements can be used to lower medium-chain and total SFA content and increase cis-9 18:1, total conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to a variable extent in ruminant milk. However, inclusion of fish oil or marine algae in the ruminant diet results in marginal enrichment of 20- or 22-carbon PUFA in milk. Studies in growing ruminants have confirmed that the same nutritional strategies improve the balance of n-6/n-3 PUFA, and increase CLA and long-chain n-3 PUFA in ruminant meat, but the potential to lower medium-chain and total SFA is limited. Attempts to alter meat and milk fatty acid composition through changes in the diet fed to ruminants are often accompanied by several-fold increases in TFA concentrations. In extreme cases, the distribution of trans 18:1 and 18:2 isomers in ruminant foods may resemble that of partially hydrogenated plant oils. Changes in milk fat or muscle lipid composition in response to diet are now known to be accompanied by tissue-specific alterations in the expression of one or more lipogenic genes. Breed influences both milk and muscle fat content, although recent studies have confirmed the occurrence of genetic variability in transcript abundance and activity of enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and identified polymorphisms for several key lipogenic genes in lactating and growing cattle. Although nutrition is the major factor influencing the fatty acid composition of ruminant-derived foods, further progress can be expected through the use of genomic or marker-assisted selection to increase the frequency of favourable genotypes and the formulation of diets to exploit this genetic potential.

Keywords

milkmeatsaturated fatty acidstrans-fatty acidsconjugated linoleic acid

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Addis, M, Cabiddu, A, Pinna, G, Decandia, M, Piredda, G, Pirisi, A, Molle, G 2005. Milk and cheese fatty acid composition in sheep fed Mediterranean forages with reference to conjugated linoleic acid cis-9, trans-11. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 3443–3454.Google Scholar
Ahnadi, CE, Beswick, N, Delbecchi, L, Kennelly, JJ, Lacasse, P 2002. Addition of fish oil to diets for dairy cows. II. Effects on milk fat and gene expression of mammary lipogenic enzymes. Journal of Dairy Research 69, 521–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ailhaud, G, Guesnet, P, Cunnane, SC 2008. An emerging risk factor for obesity: does disequilibrium of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism contribute to excessive adipose tissue development? British Journal of Nutrition 100, 461–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aldai, N, Dugan, MER, Kramer, JKG, Martínez, A, López-Campos, O, Mantecón, AR, Osoro, K 2011. Length of concentrate finishing affects the fatty acid composition of grass-fed and genetically lean beef: an emphasis on trans-18:1 and conjugated linoleic acid profiles. Animal 5, 1643–1652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alfaia, CPM, Alves, SP, Martins, SIV, Costa, ASH, Fontes, CMGA, Lemos, JPC, Bessa, RJB, Prates, JAM 2009. Effect of the feeding system on intramuscular fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers of beef cattle, with emphasis on their nutritional value and discriminatory ability. Food Chemistry 114, 939–946.Google Scholar
Allender, S, Scarborough, P, Peto, V, Raynor, M, Leal, J, Luengo-Ferna′ndez, R, Gray, A 2008. European Cardiovascular Disease Statistics, 2008 edition. European Heart Network. Retrieved August 2, 2011, from http://www.ehnheart.orgGoogle Scholar
Angulo, J, Mahecha, L, Nuernberg, K, Nuernberg, G, Dannenberger, D, Olivera, M, Boutinaud, M, Leroux, C, Albrecht, E, Bernard, L 2012. Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant oils and algae on milk fat yield and composition are associated with mammary lipogenic and SREBF1 gene expression. Animal, doi:10.1017/S1751731112000845.Google Scholar
Archibeque, SL, Lunt, DK, Gilbert, CD, Tume, RK, Smith, SB 2005. Fatty acid indices of stearoyl-CoA desaturase do not reflect actual stearoyl-CoA desaturase enzyme activities in adipose tissues of beef steers finished with corn-, flaxseed-, or sorghum-based diets. Journal of Animal Science 83, 1153–1166.Google Scholar
Arnould, VM-R, Soyeurt, H 2009. Genetic variability of milk fatty acids. Journal of Applied Genetics 50, 29–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aurousseau, B, Bauchart, D, Calichon, E, Micol, D, Priolo, A 2004. Effect of grass or concentrate feeding systems and rate of growth on triglyceride and phospholipid and their fatty acids in the M. longissimus thoracis of lambs. Meat Science 66, 531–541.Google Scholar
Bauchart, D 1993. Lipid absorption and transport in ruminants. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 3864–3881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernard, L, Leroux, C, Chilliard, Y 2008. Expression and nutritional regulation of lipogenic genes in the ruminant lactating mammary gland. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 606, 67–108.Google Scholar
Bernard, L, Bonnet, M, Leroux, C, Shingfield, KJ, Chilliard, Y 2009a. Effect of sunflower-seed oil and linseed oil on tissue lipid metabolism, gene expression, and milk fatty acid secretion in Alpine goats fed maize silage-based diets. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 6083–6094.Google Scholar
Bernard, L, Leroux, C, Faulconnier, Y, Durand, D, Shingfield, KJ, Chilliard, Y 2009b. Effect of sunflower-seed oil or linseed oil on milk fatty acid secretion and lipogenic gene expression in goats fed hay-based diets. Journal of Dairy Research 76, 241–248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernard, L, Shingfield, KJ, Rouel, J, Ferlay, A, Chilliard, Y 2009c. Effect of plant oils in the diet on performance and milk fatty acid composition in goats fed diets based on grass hay or maize silage. British Journal of Nutrition 101, 213–224.Google Scholar
Bernard, L, Leroux, C, Bonnet, M, Rouel, J, Martin, P, Chilliard, Y 2005a. Expression and nutritional regulation of lipogenic genes in mammary gland and adipose tissues of lactating goats. Journal of Dairy Research 72, 250–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernard, L, Rouel, J, Leroux, C, Ferlay, A, Faulconnier, Y, Legrand, P, Chilliard, Y 2005b. Mammary lipid metabolism and milk fatty acid secretion in alpine goats fed vegetable lipids. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 1478–1489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bessa, RJB, Alves, SP, Jerónimo, E, Alfaia, CM, Prates, JAM, Santos-Silva, J 2007. Effect of lipid supplements on ruminal biohydrogenation intermediates and muscle fatty acids in lambs. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 868–878.Google Scholar
Bharathan, M, Schingoethe, DJ, Hippen, AR, Kalscheur, KF, Gibson, ML, Karges, K 2008. Conjugated linoleic acid increases in milk from cows fed condensed corn distillers solubles and fish oil. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 2796–2807.Google Scholar
Bionaz, M, Loor, JJ 2008. Gene networks driving bovine milk fat synthesis during the lactation cycle. BMC Genomics 9, 366.Google Scholar
Bobe, G, Minick Bormann, JA, Lindberg, G, Freeman, AE, Beitz, DC 2008. Short communication: estimates of genetic variation of milk fatty acids in US Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 1209–1213.Google Scholar
Boeckaert, C, Vlaeminck, B, Dijkstra, J, Issa-Zacharia, A, Van Nespen, T, Van Straalen, W, Fievez, V 2008. Effect of dietary starch or micro algae supplementation on rumen fermentation and milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 4714–4727.Google Scholar
Bonnet, M, Cassar-Malek, I, Chilliard, Y, Picard, B 2010. Ontogenesis of muscle and adipose tissues and their interactions in ruminants and other species. Animal 4, 1093–1109.Google Scholar
Bonnet, M, Delavaud, C, Bernard, L, Rouel, J, Chilliard, Y 2009. Sunflower-seed oil, rapidly-degradable starch, and adiposity up-regulate leptin gene expression in lactating goats. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 37, 93–103.Google Scholar
Bouwman, AC, Bovenhuis, H, Visker, MHPW, van Arendonk, JAM 2011. Genome-wide association of milk fatty acids in Dutch dairy cattle. BMC Genetics 12, 43.Google Scholar
Buccioni, A, Decandia, M, Minieri, S, Molle, G, Cabiddu, A 2012. Lipid metabolism in the rumen: new insights on lipolysis and biohydrogenation with an emphasis on the role of endogenous plant factors. Animal Feed Science and Technology 174, 1–25.Google Scholar
Chang, JHP, Lunt, DK, Smith, SB 1992. Fatty acid composition and fatty acid elongase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase activities in tissues of steers fed high oleate sunflower seed. Journal of Nutrition 122, 2074–2080.Google Scholar
Chelikani, PK, Bell, JA, Kennelly, JJ 2004. Effects of feeding or abomasal infusion of canola oil in Holstein cows. 1. Nutrient digestion and milk composition. Journal of Dairy Research 71, 279–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cherfaoui, M, Durand, D, Bonnet, M, Cassar-Malek, I, Bauchart, D, Thomas, A, Gruffat, D 2012. Expression of enzymes and transcription factors involved in n-3 long chain PUFA biosynthesis in limousin bull tissues. Lipids 47, 391–401.Google Scholar
Chilliard, Y, Delavaud, C, Bonnet, M 2005. Leptin expression in ruminants: nutritional and physiological regulations in relation with energy metabolism. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 29, 3–22.Google Scholar
Chilliard, Y, Martin, C, Rouel, J, Doreau, M 2009. Milk fatty acids in dairy cows fed whole crude linseed, extruded linseed, or linseed oil, and their relationship with methane output. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 5199–5211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chilliard, Y, Gagliostro, G, Flechet, J, Lefaivre, J, Sebastian, I 1991. Duodenal rapeseed oil infusion in early and midlactation cows. 5. Milk fatty acids and adipose tissue lipogenic activities. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 1844–1854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chilliard, Y, Glasser, F, Ferlay, A, Bernard, L, Rouel, J, Doreau, M 2007. Diet, rumen biohydrogenation and nutritional quality of cow and goat milk fat. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 828–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conte, G, Mele, M, Chessa, S, Castiglioni, B, Serra, A, Pagnacco, G, Secchiari, P 2010. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 gene polymorphisms and milk fatty acid composition in Italian Brown cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 753–763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coppa, M, Ferlay, A, Monsallier, F, Verdier-Metz, I, Pradel, P, Didienne, R, Farruggia, A, Montel, MC, Martin, B 2011. Milk fatty acid composition and cheese texture and appearance from cows fed hay or different grazing systems on upland pastures. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 1132–1145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cromer, KD, Jenkins, TC, Thies, EJ 1995. Replacing cis octadecenoic acid with trans isomers in media containing rat adipocytes stimulates lipolysis and inhibits glucose utilization. Journal of Nutrition 125, 2394–2399.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cruz-Hernandez, C, Kramer, JK, Kennelly, JJ, Glimm, DR, Sorensen, BM, Okine, EK, Goonewardene, LA, Weselake, RJ 2007. Evaluating the conjugated linoleic acid and trans 18:1 isomers in milk fat of dairy cows fed increasing amounts of sunflower oil and a constant level of fish oil. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 3786–3801.Google Scholar
Deiuliis, J, Shin, J, Murphy, E, Kronberg, SL, Eastridge, ML, Suh, Y, Yoon, JTLee, K 2010. Bovine adipose triglyceride lipase is not altered and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein is increased by dietary flaxseed. Lipids 45, 963–973.Google Scholar
Delbecchi, L, Ahnadi, CE, Kennelly, JJ, Lacasse, P 2001. Milk fatty acid composition and mammary lipid metabolism in Holstein cows fed protected or unprotected canola seeds. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 1375–1381.Google Scholar
DePeters, EJ, German, JB, Taylor, SJ, Essex, ST, Perez-Monti, H 2001. Fatty acid and triglyceride composition of milk fat from lactating Holstein cows in response to supplemental canola oil. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 929–936.Google Scholar
Destaillats, F, Trottier, JP, Galvez, JMG, Angers, P 2005. Analysis of α-linolenic acid biohydrogenation intermediates in milk fat with emphasis on conjugated linolenic acids. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 3231–3239.Google Scholar
Dewhurst, RJ, Fisher, WJ, Tweed, JKS, Wilkins, RJ 2003. Comparison of grass and legume silages for milk production. 1. Production responses with different levels of concentrate. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 2598–2611.Google Scholar
Dewhurst, RJ, Shingfield, KJ, Lee, MRF, Scollan, ND 2006. Increasing the concentrations of beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk produced by dairy cows in high-forage systems. Animal Feed Science and Technology 131, 168–206.Google Scholar
Doreau, M, Bauchart, D, Chilliard, Y 2011. Enhancing fatty acid composition of milk and meat through animal feeding. Animal Production Science 51, 19–29.Google Scholar
Drackley, JK, Overton, TR, Ortiz-Gonzalez, G, Beaulieu, AD, Barbano, DM, Lynch, JM, Perkins, EG 2007. Responses to increasing amounts of high-oleic sunflower fatty acids infused into the abomasum of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 5165–5175.Google Scholar
Du, M, Yin, JD, Zhu, MJ 2010. Cellular signaling pathways regulating the initial stage of adipogenesis and marbling of skeletal muscle. Meat Science 86, 103–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunne, PG, Rogalski, J, Childs, S, Monahan, FJ, Kenny, DA, Moloney, AP 2011. Long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration and color and lipid stability of muscle from heifers offered a ruminally protected fish oil supplement. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59, 5015–5025.Google Scholar
Flachs, P, Rossmeisl, M, Bryhn, M, Kopecky, J 2009. Cellular and molecular effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on adipose tissue biology and metabolism. Clinical Science 116, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fortin, M, Julien, P, Couture, Y, Dubreuil, P, Chouinard, PY, Latulippe, C, Davis, TA, Thivierge, MC 2010. Regulation of glucose and protein metabolism in growing steers by long-chain n-3 fatty acids in muscle membrane phospholipids is dose-dependent. Animal 4, 89–101.Google Scholar
French, PC, Stanton, C, Lawless, F, O'Riordan, G, Monahan, FJ, Caffrey, PJ, Moloney, AP 2000. Fatty acid composition, including conjugated linoleic acid, of intramuscular fat from steers offered grazed grass, grass silage or concentrate-based diets. Journal of Animal Science 78, 2849–2855.Google Scholar
Funaki, M 2009. Saturated fatty acids and insulin resistance. Journal of Medical Investigation 56, 88–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gagliostro, GA, Rodriguez, A, Pellegrini, PA, Gatti, P, Muset, G, Castañeda, RA, Colombo, D, Chilliard, Y 2006. Effects of fish oil or sunflower plus fish oil supplementation on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and omega 3 fatty acids in goat milk. Revista Argentina de Producción Animal 26, 71–87.Google Scholar
Garnsworthy, PC, Feng, S, Lock, AL, Royal, MD 2010. Short communication: heritability of milk fatty acid composition and stearoyl-CoA desaturase indices in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 1743–1748.Google Scholar
Gebauer, SK, Jean-Michel Chardigny, JM, Jakobsen, MU, Lamarche, B, Lock, AL, Proctor, SD, Baer, DJ 2011. Effects of ruminant trans fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies. Advances in Nutrition 2, 332–354.Google Scholar
Givens, DI 2010. Milk and meat in our diet: good or bad for health? Animal 4, 1941–1952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Givens, DI, Kliem, KE, Humphries, DJ, Shingfield, KJ, Morgan, R 2009. Effect of replacing calcium salts of palm oil distillate with rapeseed oil, milled or whole rapeseeds on milk fatty acid composition in cows fed maize silage-based diets. Animal 3, 1067–1074.Google Scholar
Glasser, F, Ferlay, A, Chilliard, Y 2008a. Oilseed lipid supplements and fatty acid composition of cow milk: a meta-analysis. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 4687–4703.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glasser, F, Ferlay, A, Doreau, M, Schmidely, P, Sauvant, D, Chilliard, Y 2008b. Long-chain fatty acid metabolism in dairy cows: a meta-analysis of milk fatty acid yield in relation to duodenal flows and de novo synthesis. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 2771–2785.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glasser, F, Schmidely, P, Sauvant, D, Doreau, M 2008c. Digestion of fatty acids in ruminants: a meta-analysis of flows and variation factors: 2. C18 fatty acids. Animal 2, 691–704.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gómez-Cortés, P, Tyburczy, C, Brenna, JT, Juárez, M, de la Fuente, MA 2009. Characterization of cis-9, trans-11, trans-15-C18:3 in milk fat by GC and covalent adduct chemical ionization tandem MS. Journal of Lipid Research 50, 2412–2420.Google Scholar
Gómez-Cortés, P, Frutos, P, Mantecón, AR, Juárez, M, de la Fuente, MA, Hervás, G 2008a. Milk production, conjugated linoleic acid content, and in vitro ruminal fermentation in response to high levels of soybean oil in dairy ewe diet. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 1560–1569.Google Scholar
Gómez-Cortés, P, Frutos, P, Mantecón, AR, Juárez, M, de la Fuente, MA, Hervás, G 2008b. Addition of olive oil to dairy ewe diets: effect on milk fatty acid profile and animal performance. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 3119–3127.Google Scholar
Gómez-Cortés, P, de la Fuente, MA, Toral, PG, Frutos, P, Juárez, M, Hervás, G 2011a. Effects of different forage : concentrate ratios in dairy ewe diets supplemented with sunflower oil on animal performance and milk fatty acid profile. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 4578–4588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gómez-Cortés, P, Toral, PG, Frutos, P, Juárez, M, de la Fuente, MA, Hervás, G 2011b. Effect of the supplementation of dairy sheep diet with incremental amounts of sunflower oil on animal performance and milk fatty acid profile. Food Chemistry 125, 644–651.Google Scholar
Gulati, SK, Garg, MR, Scott, TW 2005. Rumen protected protein and fat produced from oilseeds and/or meals by formaldehyde treatment; their role in ruminant production and product quality: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, 1189–1203.Google Scholar
Hagemeister, H, Precht, D, Barth, CA 1988. Zum transfer von omega-3-fettsäuren in das milchfett bei kühen. Milchwissenschaft 43, 153–158.Google Scholar
Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau, A, Kokkonen, T, Lampi, AM, Toivonen, V, Shingfield, KJ, Vanhatalo, A 2011. Effect of plant oils and camelina expeller on milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed red clover silage based diets. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 4413–4430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvatine, KJ, Bauman, DE 2006. SREBP1 and thyroid hormone responsive spot 14 (S14) are involved in the regulation of bovine mammary lipid synthesis during diet-induced milk fat depression and treatment with CLA. Journal of Nutrition 136, 2468–2474.Google Scholar
Harvatine, KJ, Boisclair, YR, Bauman, DE 2009. Recent advances in the regulation of milk fat synthesis. Animal 3, 40–54.Google Scholar
Hausman, GJ, Dodson, MV, Ajuwon, K, Azain, M, Barnes, KM, Guan, LL, Jiang, Z, Poulos, SP, Sainz, RD, Smith, S, Spurlock, M, Novakofski, J, Fernyhough, ME, Bergen, WG 2009. BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: The biology and regulation of preadipocytes and adipocytes in meat animals. Journal of Animal Science 87, 1218–1246.Google Scholar
Herdmann, A, Martin, J, Nuernberg, G, Wegner, J, Dannenberger, D, Nuernberg, K 2010a. How do n-3 fatty acid (short-time restricted vs unrestricted) and n-6 fatty acid enriched diets affect the fatty acid profile in different tissues of German Simmental bulls? Meat Science 86, 712–719.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herdmann, A, Nuernberg, K, Martin, J, Nuernberg, G, Doran, O 2010b. Effect of dietary fatty acids on expression of lipogenic enzymes and fatty acid profile in tissues of bulls. Animal 4, 755–762.Google Scholar
Hoashi, S, Ashida, N, Ohsaki, H, Utsugi, T, Sasazaki, S, Taniguchi, T, Oyama, K, Mukai, F, Mannen, H 2007. Genotype of bovine Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1 (SREBP-1) is associated with fatty acid composition in Japanese Black cattle. Mammalian Genome 18, 880–886.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoashi, S, Hinenoya, T, Tanaka, A, Ohsaki, H, Sasazaki, S, Taniguchi, M, Oyama, K, Mukai, F, Mannen, H 2008. Association between fatty acid compositions and genotypes of FABP4 and LXRa in Japanese Black cattle. BMC Genetics 9, 84.Google Scholar
Honkanen, AM, Griinari, JM, Vanhatalo, A, Ahvenjärvi, S, Toivonen, V, Shingfield, KJ 2012. Characterization of the disappearance and formation of biohydrogenation intermediates during incubations of linoleic acid with rumen fluid in vitro. Journal of Dairy Science 95, 1376–1394.Google Scholar
Hristov, AN, Domitrovich, C, Wachter, A, Cassidy, T, Lee, C, Shingfield, KJ, Kairenius, P, Davis, J, Brown, J 2011. Effect of replacing solvent-extracted canola meal with high-oil traditional canola, high-oleic acid canola, or high-erucic acid rapeseed meals on rumen fermentation, digestibility, milk production, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 4057–4074.Google Scholar
Hristov, AN, Vander Pol, M, Agle, M, Zaman, S, Schneider, C, Ndegwa, P, Vaddella, VK, Johnson, K, Shingfield, KJ, Karnati, SKR 2009. Effect of lauric acid and coconut oil on ruminal fermentation, digestion, ammonia losses from manure, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 5561–5582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, JA, MacKenzie, CA, Joblin, KN 1995. Conversion of oleic acid to 10-hydroxystearic acid by two species of ruminal bacteria. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 44, 1–6.Google Scholar
Hudson, JA, Morvan, B, Joblin, KN 1998. Hydration of linoleic acid by bacteria isolated from ruminants. FEMS Microbiology Letters 169, 277–282.Google Scholar
Hulshof, KFAM, van Erp-Baart, MA, Anttolainen, M, Becker, W, Church, SM, Couet, C, Hermann-Kunz, E, Kesteloot, H, Leth, T, Martins, I, Moreiras, O, Moschandreas, J, Pizzoferrato, L, Rimestad, AH, Thorgeirsdottir, H, van Amelsvoort, JMM, Aro, A, Kafatos, AG, Lanzmann-Petithory, D, van Poppel, G 1999. Intake of fatty acids in Western Europe with emphasis on trans fatty acids: the TRANSFAIR study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 143–157.Google Scholar
Jacobs, AA, van Baal, J, Smits, MA, Taweel, HZ, Hendriks, WH, van Vuuren, AM, Dijkstra, J 2011. Effects of feeding rapeseed oil, soybean oil, or linseed oil on stearoyl-CoA desaturase expression in the mammary gland of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 874–887.Google Scholar
Jenkins, TC, Bridges, WC 2007. Protection of fatty acids against ruminal biohydrogenation in cattle. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 778–789.Google Scholar
Jenkins, TC, AbuGhazaleh, AA, Freeman, S, Thies, EJ 2006. The production of 10-hydroxystearic acid and 10-ketostearic acids is an alternate route of oleic acid transformation by the ruminal microbiota in cattle. Journal of Nutrition 136, 926–931.Google Scholar
Jenkins, TC, Wallace, RJ, Moate, PJ, Mosley, EE 2008. BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: Recent advances in biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids within the rumen microbial ecosystem. Journal of Animal Science 86, 397–412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiang, Z, Michal, JJ, Tobey, DJ, Daniels, TF, Rule, DC, Macneil, MD 2008. Significant associations of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) gene with fat deposition and composition in skeletal muscle. International Journal of Biological Sciences 4, 345–351.Google Scholar
Juárez, M, Dugan, MER, Aalhus, JL, Aldai, N, Basarab, J, Baron, VS, McAllister, TA 2011. Effects of vitamin E and flaxseed on rumen-derived fatty acid intermediates in beef intramuscular fat. Meat Science 88, 434–440.Google Scholar
Jouany, JP, Lassalas, B, Doreau, M, Glasser, F 2007. Dynamic features of the rumen metabolism of linoleic acid, linolenic acid and linseed oil measured in vitro. Lipids 42, 351–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kazama, R, Côrtes, C, da Silva-Kazama, D, Gagnon, N, Benchaar, C, Zeoula, LM, Santos, GT, Petit, HV 2010. Abomasal or ruminal administration of flax oil and hulls on milk production, digestibility, and milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 4781–4790.Google Scholar
Kennedy, A, Martinez, K, Chuang, CC, LaPoint, K, McIntosh, M 2009. Saturated fatty acid-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in adipose tissue: mechanisms of action and implications. Journal of Nutrition 139, 1–4.Google Scholar
Khas-Erdene, Q, Wang, JQ, Bu, DP, Wang, L, Drackley, JK, Liu, QS, Yang, G, Wei, HY, Zhou, LY 2010. Short communication: responses to increasing amounts of free alpha-linolenic acid infused into the duodenum of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 1677–1684.Google Scholar
Kliem, KE, Morgan, R, Humphries, DJ, Shingfield, KJ, Givens, DI 2008. Effect of replacing grass silage with maize silage in the diet on bovine milk fatty acid composition. Animal 2, 1850–1858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kliem, KE, Shingfield, KJ, Humphries, DJGivens, DI 2011. Effect of replacing calcium salts of palm oil distillate with incremental amounts of conventional or high oleic acid milled rapeseed on milk fatty acid composition in cows fed maize silage-based diets. Animal 5, 1311–1321.Google Scholar
Kronberg, SL, Barcelo-Coblijn, G, Shin, J, Lee, K, Murphy, EJ 2006. Bovine muscle n-3 fatty acid content is increased with flaxseed feeding. Lipids 41, 1059–1068.Google Scholar
Lee, MRF, Evans, PR, Nute, GR, Richardson, RI, Scollan, ND 2009a. A comparison between red clover silage and grass silage feeding on fatty acid composition, meat stability and sensory quality of the M. Longissimus muscle of dairy cull cows. Meat Science 81, 738–744.Google Scholar
Lee, YJ, Jenkins, TC 2011. Biohydrogenation of linolenic acid to stearic acid by the rumen microbial population yields multiple intermediate conjugated diene isomers. Journal of Nutrition 141, 1445–1450.Google Scholar
Lee, MRF, Theobald, VJ, Tweed, JKS, Winters, AL, Scollan, ND 2009b. Effect of feeding fresh or conditioned red clover on milk fatty acids and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 1136–1147.Google Scholar
Leiber, F, Kreuzer, M, Nigg, D, Wettstein, HR, Scheeder, MRL 2005. A study on the causes for the elevated n-3 fatty acids in cows’ milk of alpine origin. Lipids 40, 191–202.Google Scholar
Lengi, AJ, Corl, BA 2010. Factors influencing the differentiation of bovine preadipocytes in vitro. Journal of Animal Science 88, 1999–2008.Google Scholar
Li, XZ, Yan, CG, Lee, HG, Choi, CW, Song, MK 2012. Influence of dietary plant oils on mammary lipogenic enzymes and the conjugated linoleic acid content of plasma and milk fat of lactating goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology 174, 26–35.Google Scholar
Litherland, NB, Thire, S, Beaulieu, AD, Reynolds, CK, Benson, JA, Drackley, JK 2005. Dry matter is decreased more by abomasal infusion of unsaturated free fatty acids than by unsaturated triglycerides. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 632–643.Google Scholar
Loor, JJ, Doreau, M, Chardigny, JM, Ollier, A, Sebedio, JL, Chilliard, Y 2005. Effects of ruminal or duodenal supply of fish oil on milk fat secretion and profiles of trans-fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers in dairy cows fed maize silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology 119, 227–246.Google Scholar
Lourenço, M, Ramos-Morales, E, Wallace, RJ 2010. The role of microbes in rumen lipolysis and biohydrogenation and their manipulation. Animal 4, 1008–1023.Google Scholar
Lourenço, M, Vlaeminck, B, Van Ranst, G, De Smet, S, Fievez, V 2008. Influence of different dietary forages on the fatty acid composition of rumen digesta and ruminant meat and milk. Animal Feed Science and Technology 145, 418–437.Google Scholar
Maia, MRG, Chaudhary, LC, Figueres, L, Wallace, RJ 2007. Metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their toxicity to the microflora of the rumen. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 91, 303–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mannen, H 2011. Identification and utilization of genes associated with beef qualities. Animal Science Journal 82, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martins, SV, Lopes, PA, Alfaia, CM, Ribeiro, VS, Guerreiro, TV, Fontes, CMGA, Castro, MF, Soveral, G, Prates, JAM 2007. Contents of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in ruminant-derived foods and estimation of their contribution to daily intake in Portugal. British Journal of Nutrition 98, 1206–1213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsuhashi, T, Maruyama, S, Uemoto, Y, Kobayashi, N, Mannen, H, Abe, T, Sakaguchi, S, Kobayashi, E 2011. Effects of bovine fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, and growth hormone gene polymorphisms on fatty acid composition and carcass traits in Japanese Black cattle. Journal of Animal Science 89, 12–22.Google Scholar
Mapiye, C, Aldai, N, Turner, TD, Aalhus, JL, Rolland, DC, Kramer, JK, Dugan, ME 2012. The labile lipid fraction of meat: from perceived disease and waste to health and opportunity. Meat Science 92, 210–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKain, N, Shingfield, KJ, Wallace, RJ 2010. Metabolism of conjugated linoleic acids and 18:1 fatty acids by ruminal bacteria: products and mechanisms. Microbiology 156, 579–588.Google Scholar
Mele, M, Serra, A, Buccioni, A, Conte, G, Pollicardo, A, Secchiari, P 2008. Effect of soybean oil supplementation on milk fatty acid composition from Saanen goats fed diets with different forage : concentrate ratios. Italian Journal of Animal Science 7, 131–140.Google Scholar
Mele, M, Buccioni, A, Petacchi, F, Serra, A, Banni, S, Antongiovanni, M, Secchiari, P 2006. Effect of forage/concentrate ratio and soybean oil supplementation on milk yield, and composition from Sarda ewes. Animal Research 55, 273–285.Google Scholar
Mele, M, Dal Zotto, R, Cassandro, M, Conte, G, Serra, A, Buccioni, A, Bittante, GSecchiari, P 2009. Genetic parameters for conjugated linoleic acid, selected milk fatty acids, and milk fatty acid unsaturation of Italian Holstein-Friesian cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 392–400.Google Scholar
Mir, PS, Mir, Z, McAllister, TA, Morgan Jones, SD, He, ML, Aalhus, JL, Jeremiah, LE, Goonewardene, LA, Weselake, RJ 2003. Effect of sunflower oil and vitamin E on beef cattle performance and quality, composition and oxidative stability of beef. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, 53–66.Google Scholar
Mir, PS, Mir, Z, Kuber, PS, Gaskins, CT, Martin, EL, Dodson, MV, Calles, JAE, Johnson, KA, Busboom, JR, Wood, AJ, Pittenger, GJ, Reeves, JJ 2002. Growth, carcass characteristics, muscle conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, and response to intravenous glucose challenge in high percentage Wagyu, Wagyu × Limousin, and Limousin steers fed sunflower oil-containing diets. Journal of Animal Science 80, 2996–3004.Google Scholar
Mohammed, R, Stanton, CS, Kennelly, JJ, Kramer, JKG, Mee, JF, Glimm, DR, O'Donovan, M, Murphy, JJ 2009. Grazing cows are more efficient than zero-grazed and grass silage-fed cows in milk rumenic acid production. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 3874–3893.Google Scholar
Moore, JH, Christie, WW 1979. Lipid metabolism in the mammary gland of ruminant animals. Progress in Lipid Research 17, 347–395.Google Scholar
Moorby, JM, Lee, MRF, Davies, DR, Kim, EJ, Nute, GR, Ellis, NM, Scollan, ND 2009. Assessment of dietary ratios of red clover and grass silages on milk production and milk quality in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 1148–1160.Google Scholar
Mosley, EE, Powell, GL, Riley, MB, Jenkins, TC 2002. Microbial biohydrogenation of oleic acid to trans isomers in vitro. Journal of Lipid Research 43, 290–296.Google Scholar
Mosley, SA, Mosley, EE, Hatch, B, Szasz, JI, Corato, A, Zacharias, N, Howes, D, McGuire, MA 2007. Effect of varying levels of fatty acids from palm oil on feed intake and milk production in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 987–993.Google Scholar
Murrieta, CM, Hess, BW, Scholljegerdes, EJ, Engle, TE, Hossner, KL, Moss, GE, Rule, DC 2006. Evaluation of milk somatic cells as a source of mRNA for study of lipogenesis in the mammary gland of lactating beef cows supplemented with dietary high-linoleate safflower seeds. Journal of Animal Science 84, 2399–2405.Google Scholar
Nassu, RT, Dugan, MER, He, ML, McAllister, TA, Aalhus, JL, Aldai, N, Kramer, JKG 2011. The effects of feeding flaxseed to beef cows given forage based diets on fatty acids of longissimus thoracis muscle and backfat. Meat Science 89, 469–477.Google Scholar
Noci, F, Monahan, FJ, French, P, Moloney, AP 2005a. The fatty acid composition of muscle fat and subcutaneous adipose tissue of pasture-fed beef heifers: influence of the duration of grazing. Journal of Animal Science 83, 1167–1178.Google Scholar
Noci, F, O'Kiely, P, Monahan, FJ, Stanton, C, Moloney, AP 2005b. Conjugated linoleic acid concentration in M. longissimus dorsi from heifers offered sunflower oil-based concentrates and conserved forages. Meat Science 69, 509–518.Google Scholar
Noci, F, French, P, Monahan, FJ, Moloney, AP 2007a. The fatty acid composition of muscle fat and subcutaneous adipose tissue of grazing heifers supplemented with plant oil-enriched concentrates. Journal of Animal Science 85, 1062–1073.Google Scholar
Noci, F, Monahan, FJ, Scollan, ND, Moloney, AP 2007b. The fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue of steers offered unwilted or wilted grass silage supplemented with sunflower oil and fish oil. British Journal of Nutrition 97, 502–513.Google Scholar
Nudda, A, Battacone, G, Usai, MG, Fancellu, S, Pulina, G 2006. Supplementation with extruded linseed cake affects concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid and vaccenic acid in goat milk. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 277–282.Google Scholar
Nuernberg, K, Nuernberg, G, Ender, K, Dannenberger, D, Schabbel, W, Grumbach, S, Zupp, W, Steinhart, H 2005. Effect of grass vs. concentrate feeding on the fatty acid profile of different fat depots in lambs. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 107, 737–745.Google Scholar
Ohsaki, H, Tanaka, A, Hoashi, S, Sasazaki, S, Oyama, K, Taniguchi, M, Mukai, F, Mannen, H 2009. Effect of SCD and SREBP genotypes on fatty acid composition in adipose tissue of Japanese Black cattle herds. Animal Science Journal 80, 225–232.Google Scholar
Ollier, S, Leroux, C, Bernard, L, de la Foye, A, Rouel, J, Chilliard, Y 2009. Whole intact rapeseeds or sunflower oil in high-forage or high-concentrate diets affects milk yield, milk composition and mammary gene expression profile in goats. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 5544–5560.Google Scholar
Ortiz-Gonzalez, G, Jimenez-Flores, R, Bremmer, DR, Clark, JH, DePeters, EJ, Schmidt, SJ, Drackley, JK 2007. Functional properties of butter oil made from bovine milk with experimentally altered fat composition. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 5018–5031.Google Scholar
Page, AM, Sturdivant, CA, Lunt, DK, Smith, SB 1997. Dietary whole cottonseed depresses lipogenesis but has no effect on stearoyl coenzyme desaturase activity in bovine subcutaneous adipose tissue. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 118, 79–84.Google Scholar
Palmquist, DL 2009. Omega-3 fatty acids in metabolism, health, and nutrition and for modified animal product foods. The Professional Animal Scientist 25, 207–249.Google Scholar
Palmquist, DL, Lock, AL, Shingfield, KJ, Bauman, DE 2005. Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminants and humans. In Advances in food and nutrition research (ed. S Taylor), vol. 50, pp. 179–217. Elsevier Academic Press, US.Google Scholar
Peterson, DG, Matitashvili, EA, Bauman, DE 2003. Diet-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows results in increased trans-10, cis-12 CLA in milk fat and coordinate suppression of mRNA abundance for mammary enzymes involved in milk fat synthesis. Journal of Nutrition 133, 3098–3102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petit, HV, Dewhurst, RJ, Scollan, ND, Proulx, JG, Khalid, M, Haresign, W, Twagiramungu, H, Mann, GE 2002. Milk production and composition, ovarian function, and prostaglandin secretion of dairy cows fed omega-3 fats. Journal of Dairy Science 85, 889–899.Google Scholar
Piperova, LS, Teter, BB, Bruckental, I, Sampugna, J, Mills, SE, Yurawecz, MP, Fritsche, J, Ku, K, Erdman, RA 2000. Mammary lipogenic enzyme activity, trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are altered in lactating dairy cows fed a milk fat-depressing diet. Journal of Nutrition 130, 2568–2574.Google Scholar
Plourde, M, Destaillats, F, Chouinard, PY, Angers, P 2007. Conjugated α-linolenic acid isomers in bovine milk and muscle. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 5269–5275.Google Scholar
Proell, JM, Mosley, EE, Powell, GL, Jenkins, TC 2002. Isomerization of stable isotopically labelled elaidic acid to cis and trans monoenes by ruminal microbes. Journal of Lipid Research 43, 2072–2076.Google Scholar
Radunz, AE, Wickersham, LA, Loerch, SC, Fluharty, FL, Reynolds, CK, Zerby, HN 2009. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on fatty acid composition in muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of lambs. Journal of Animal Science 87, 4082–4091.Google Scholar
Rego, OA, Alves, SP, Antunes, LMS, Rosa, HJD, Alfaia, CFM, Prates, JAM, Cabrita, ARJ, Fonseca, AJM, Bessa, RJB 2009. Rumen biohydrogenation-derived fatty acids in milk fat from grazing dairy cows supplemented with rapeseed, sunflower, or linseed oils. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 4530–4540.Google Scholar
Reynolds, CK, Cannon, VL, Loerch, SC 2006. Effects of forage source and supplementation with soybean and marine algal oil on milk fatty acid composition of ewes. Animal Feed Science and Technology 131, 333–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, A, Ferlay, A, Shingfield, KJ, Chilliard, Y 2006. Examination of the persistency of milk fatty acid composition responses to plant oils in cows given different basal diets, with particular emphasis on trans-C18:1 fatty acids and isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Animal Science 82, 479–492.Google Scholar
Scollan, ND, Gibson, K, Ball, R, Richardson, I 2008. Meat quality of Charolais steers: influence of feeding grass versus red clover silage during winter followed by finish off grass. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the British Society of Animal Science, 31 March–2 April 2008, Scarborough, UK, 52pp.Google Scholar
Scollan, ND, Choi, NJ, Kurt, E, Fisher, AV, Enser, M, Wood, JD 2001. Manipulating the fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue in beef cattle. British Journal of Nutrition 85, 115–124.Google Scholar
Scollan, ND, Enser, M, Gulati, S, Richardson, RIWood, JD 2003. Effect of including a ruminally protected lipid supplement in the diet on the fatty acid composition of beef muscle in Charolais steers. British Journal of Nutrition 90, 709–716.Google Scholar
Scollan, ND, Hocquette, JF, Nuernberg, K, Dannenberger, D, Richardson, I, Moloney, A 2006. Innovations in beef production systems that enhance the nutritional and health value of beef lipids and their relationship with meat quality. Meat Science 74, 17–33.Google Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Griinari, JM 2007. Role of biohydrogenation intermediates in milk fat depression. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 799–816.Google Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Bernard, L, Leroux, C, Chilliard, Y 2010. Role of trans fatty acids in the nutritional regulation of mammary lipogenesis in ruminants. Animal 4, 1140–1166.Google Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Reynolds, CK, Hervás, G, Griinari, JM, Grandison, AS, Beever, DE 2006. Examination of the persistency of milk fatty acid responses to fish oil and sunflower oil in the diet of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 714–732.Google Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Ahvenjärvi, S, Toivonen, V, Ärölä, A, Nurmela, KVV, Huhtanen, P, Griinari, JM 2003. Effect of dietary fish oil on biohydrogenation of fatty acids and milk fatty acid content in cows. Animal Science 77, 165–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Salo-Väänänen, P, Pahkala, E, Toivonen, V, Jaakkola, S, Piironen, V, Huhtanen, P 2005. Effect of forage conservation method, concentrate level and propylene glycol on the fatty acid composition and vitamin content of cows’ milk. Journal of Dairy Research 72, 349–361.Google Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Ärölä, A, Ahvenjärvi, S, Vanhatalo, A, Toivonen, V, Griinari, JM, Huhtanen, P 2008a. Ruminal infusions of cobalt-EDTA reduce mammary Δ9-desaturase index and alter milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows. Journal of Nutrition 138, 710–717.Google Scholar
Shingfield, KJ, Chilliard, Y, Toivonen, V, Kairenius, P, Givens, DI 2008b. Trans fatty acids and bioactive lipids in ruminant milk. In Bioactive components of milk, Advances in experimental medicine and biology (ed. Z Bösze), vol. 606, pp. 3–65. Springer, New York, US.Google Scholar
Sinclair, LA 2007. Nutritional manipulation of the fatty acid composition of sheep meat: a review. Journal of Agricultural Science 145, 419–434.Google Scholar
Smith, SB, Gill, CA, Lunt, DK, Brooks, MA 2009. Regulation of fat and fatty acid composition in beef cattle. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 22, 1225–1233.Google Scholar
Soyeurt, H, Gillon, A, Vanderick, S, Mayeres, P, Bertozzi, C, Gengler, N 2007. Estimation of heritability and genetic correlations for the major fatty acids in bovine milk. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 4435–4442.Google Scholar
Stoop, WM, van Arendonk, JAM, Heck, JML, van Valenberg, HJF, Bovenhuis, H 2008. Genetic parameters for major milk fatty acids and milk production traits of Dutch Holstein–Friesians. Journal of Dairy Science 91, 385–394.Google Scholar
Taniguchi, M, Mannen, H, Oyama, K, Shimakura, Y, Oka, A, Watanabe, H, Kojima, T, Komatsu, M, Harper, GS, Tsuji, S 2004. Differences in stearoyl-CoA desaturase mRNA levels between Japanese Black and Holstein cattle. Livestock Production Science 87, 215–220.Google Scholar
Thering, BJ, Graugnard, DE, Piantoni, P, Loor, JJ 2009. Adipose tissue lipogenic gene networks due to lipid feeding and milk fat depression in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 92, 4290–4300.Google Scholar
Thom, T, Haase, N, Rosamond, W, Howard, VJ, Rumsfeld, J, Manolio, T, Zheng, ZJ, Flegal, K, O'Donnell, C, Kittner, S, Lloyd-Jones, D, Goff, DC Jr, Hong, Y, Adams, R, Friday, G, Furie, K, Gorelick, P, Kissela, B, Marler, J, Meigs, J, Roger, V, Sidney, S, Sorlie, P, Steinberger, J, Wasserthiel-Smoller, S, Wilson, M, Wolf, P 2006. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 113, e85–e151.Google Scholar
Toral, PG, Frutos, P, Hervás, G, Gómez-Cortés, P, Juárez, M, de la Fuente, MA 2010a. Changes in milk fatty acid profile and animal performance in response to fish oil supplementation, alone or in combination with sunflower oil, in dairy ewes. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 1604–1615.Google Scholar
Toral, PG, Hervás, G, Gómez-Cortés, P, Frutos, P, Juárez, M, de la Fuente, MA 2010b. Milk fatty acid profile and dairy sheep performance in response to diet supplementation with sunflower oil plus incremental levels of marine algae. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 1655–1667.Google Scholar
Turner, TD, Karlsson, L, Mapiye, C, Rolland, DC, Martinsson, K, Dugan, ME 2012a. Dietary influence on the m. longissimus dorsi fatty acid composition of lambs in relation to protein source. Meat Science 91, 472–477.Google Scholar
Turner, TD, Mitchell, A, Duynisveld, J, Pickova, J, Doran, O, McNiven, MA 2012b. Influence of oilseed supplement ranging in n-6/n-3 ratio on fatty acid composition and Δ5-, Δ6-desaturase protein expression in steer muscles. Animal, doi:10.1017/S1751731112000985.Google Scholar
Vanhatalo, A, Kuoppala, K, Toivonen, V, Shingfield, KJ 2007. Effects of forage species and stage of maturity on bovine milk fatty acid composition. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 856–867.Google Scholar
Vernon, RG, Flint, DJ 1988. Lipid metabolism in farm animals. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 47, 287–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vlaeminck, B, Fievez, V, Cabrita, ARJ, Fonseca, AJM, Dewhurst, RJ 2006. Factors affecting odd- and branched-chain fatty acids in milk: a review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 131, 389–417.Google Scholar
Wallace, RJ, McKain, N, Shingfield, KJ, Devillard, E 2007. Isomers of conjugated linoleic acids are synthesized via different mechanisms in ruminal digesta and bacteria. Journal of Lipid Research 48, 2247–2254.Google Scholar
Warren, HE, Scollan, ND, Enser, M, Hughes, SI, Richardson, RI, Wood, JD 2008. Effects of breed and a concentrate or grass silage diet on beef quality in cattle of 3 ages. I: Animal performance, carcass quality and muscle fatty acid composition. Meat Science 78, 256–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wąsowska, I, Maia, M, Niedźwiedzka, KM, Czauderna, M, Ramalho Ribeiro, JMC, Devillard, E, Shingfield, KJ, Wallace, RJ 2006. Influence of fish oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids. British Journal of Nutrition 95, 1199–1211.Google Scholar
Waters, SM, Kelly, JP, O'Boyle, P, Moloney, AP, Kenny, DA 2009. Effect of level and duration of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on the transcriptional regulation of delta9-desaturase in muscle of beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 87, 244–252.Google Scholar
WHO/FAO (World Health Organization/Food Agricultural Organization) 2003. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. WHO Technical Report series 916, 148pp. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Yang, YT, Baldwin, RL, Garrett, WN 1978. Effects of dietary lipid supplementation on adipose tissue metabolism in lambs and steers. Journal of Animal Science 47, 686–690.Google Scholar
Zhang, S, Knight, J, Reecy, J, Beitz, D 2008. DNA polymorphisms in bovine fatty acid synthase are associated with beef fatty acid composition. Animal Genetics 39, 62–70.Google Scholar
Zhang, S, Knight, TJ, Reecy, JM, Wheeler, TL, Shackelford, SD, Cundiff, LV, Beitz, DC 2010. Associations of polymorphisms in the promoter I of bovine acetyl-CoA carboxylase-alpha gene with beef fatty acid composition. Animal Genetics 41, 417–420.Google Scholar
Zidi, A, Fernández-Cabanás, VM, Urrutia, B, Carrizosa, J, Polvillo, O, González-Redondo, P, Jordana, J, Gallardo, D, Amills, M, Serradilla, JM 2010. Association between the polymorphism of the goat stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) gene and milk fatty acid composition in Murciano–Granadina goats. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 4332–4339.Google Scholar