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Collapse of Crucial Resources and Culture Change: A Model for theWoodland to Oneota Transformation in the Upper Midwest

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

James L. Theler  and
Robert F. Boszhardt
James L. Theler
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology and Archaeology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601
Robert F. Boszhardt
Affiliation:
Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601
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Abstract

The Driftless Area of the Upper Midwestern United States offers a case study forthe transition from hunter-gatherer (Late Woodland Effigy Mound) to agricultural(Oneota) societies between ca. A.D. 950 and 1150, a period that coincided withnorthward expansion of Middle Mississippian cultures from the American Bottom.Previous studies have not adequately explained the regional disappearance ofEffigy Mound cultures, the appearance of Oneota cultures, or the culturalchanges that occurred during this period. Our analysis considers ecological(deer and firewood) and cultural (population packing, community organization,hunting technology, and warfare) factors to develop a testable model applicableto broader regions. We propose that increasing Late Woodland populations reachedthe region's “packing threshold,” disrupting a flexible seasonalround based on residential mobility and triggering shortages of two essentialresources, white-tailed deer and firewood, which in turn led Late Woodlandgroups to abandon vast portions of the Driftless Area. The intrusion of MiddleMississippian peoples from the south created additional disruption and conflict.Remnant Woodland and Mississippian peoples amalgamated briefly in the region'sfirst villages, which were palisaded. After A.D. 1150, Oneota cultures emerged,reoccupying specific localities in clustered settlements.

Résumé

Résumé

El Area Driftless (una zona no cubierta por los glaciares) de la parte centraldel Norte de los Estados Unidos ofrece un ejemplo de la transición de unasociedad cazadora-recolectora (Woodland Effigy Mound Tardío) a unasociedad agrícola (Oneota) entre 1050 y 1150 d.C, un período quecoincidió con la expansión hacia el Norte de culturasMississippian Medio del Sur Americano. Estudios anteriores no han explicadoadecuadamente la desaparición regional de las culturas Effigy Mound, laaparición de las culturas Oneota, o los cambios culturales que ocurrierondurante este período. Nuestro análisis considera factoresecológicos (venado y leña) y culturales (densidad depoblación, organización de comunidad, tecnología de caza, yguerra) para desarrollar un modelo que se puede probar y que se puede aplicar aregiones más extensas. Proponemos que las poblaciones WoodlandTardío aumentaron hasta que llenaron la región, rompiendo elpatrón flexible de movilidad estacional y causando escaseases de dosrecursos esenciales, venado de cola blanca y leña. Esta situaciónobligó a los grupos Woodland Tardío a abandonar vastas extensionesdel Area Driftless. La intrusión de grupos Mississippian del Surcreó trastornos y conflictos adicionales. Grupos remanentes Woodland yMississippian se fusionaron brevemente en las primeras aldeas de laregión, que fueron empalizadas. Después del año 1150 d.C.emergieron las culturas Oneota, reocupando localidades específicas enasentamientos agrupados.

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Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 71 , Issue 3 , July 2006 , pp. 433 - 472
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2006 

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