No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Mental health among invisible groups: depressive symptoms among indigenous and Afro-descendant older women in Chile
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 August 2025
Abstract
There is little visibility for the voices of indigenous and Afro-descendant women in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), meaning that few studies offer information on mental health for this group. This study takes the Living Well (Buen Vivir) approach as a basis to examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and their associated individual physical and social/cultural dimensions. Based on a national study involving the participation of a majority of Chilean peoples, 774 women identifying as indigenous (569 Andean indigenous and 146 other indigenous people) and Afro-descendant (59) were interviewed. The findings show that Andean and Afro-descendant women are more at risk of suffering depressive symptoms and that in general terms mental health should be understood from a holistic perspective, in addition to its being underpinned by several associations. Lower levels of depression were associated with older age, having a partner, independence in activities of daily living, social support from partner and being resilient. In contrast, higher levels of depression were associated with health problems, poor-quality relationship with grandchildren and loneliness. Out of the dimensions examined, resilience had a key influence on mental health among women. The findings are discussed in the context of a comprehensive view of wellbeing among ethnic minorities.
Information
- Type
- Article
- Information
- Copyright
- © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press.
References
Abonyi, S, Oosman, S, Durocher, L and Roy, T (2016) Why is research on healthy aging important in a youthful indigenous community in rural Canada? Gerontologist 56, 138–139. doi:10.1093/geront/gnw162.555Google Scholar
Acuña, Á (2013) Memory of the Kawésqar people through a life history. Magallania (Punta Arenas) 41, 99–121. doi:10.4067/S0718-22442013000100005Google Scholar
Almeida, OP, Flicker, L, Fenner, S, Smith, K, Hyde, Z, Atkinson, D, Skeaf, L, Malay, R and LoGiudice, D (2014) The Kimberley assessment of depression of older indigenous Australians: Prevalence of depressive disorders, risk factors and validation of the KICA-dep Scale. PLoS (Public Library of Science) One 9, . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094983Google ScholarPubMed
Anderson, I, Robson, B, Connolly, M, Al-Yaman, F, Bjertness, E, King, A, Tynan, M, Madden, R, Bang, A, Coimbra, CE, Pesantes, MA, Amigo, H, Andronov, S, Armien, B, Obando, DA, Axelsson, P, Bhatti, ZS, Bhutta, ZA, Bjerregaard, P, Bjertness, MB and Yap, L (2016) Indigenous and tribal peoples’ health (The Lancet-Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration): A population study. Lancet 388, 131–157. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00345-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asquith-Heinz, Z, Kim, S and Lewis, JP (2022) Alaska native successful ageing in Northwest Alaska: How family impacts how one ages in a good way. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 81, . doi:10.1080/22423982.2022.2147127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, M, Fletcher, C and Riva, M (2020) Aging, health and place from the perspective of elders in an Inuit community. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 35, 133–153. doi:10.1007/s10823-020-09398-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beltrán-Véliz, J, Tereucán Angulo, J, Alarcón, AM, Gálvez-Nieto, JL and Klenner Loebel, M (2022) Fundamentos éticos que sustentan la relación mapuche y naturaleza. Aportes para una salud intercultural. Acta Bioethica 28, 19–24. doi:10.4067/S1726-569X2022000100019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brink, TL, Yesavage, JA, Lum, O, Heersema, PH, Adey, M and Rose, TL (1982) Screening tests for geriatric depression. Clinical Gerontologist 1, 37–43. doi:10.1300/J018v01n01_06CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, AD, Mentha, R, Rowley, KG, Skinner, T, Davy, C and O’Dea, K (2013) Depression in Aboriginal men in central Australia: Adaptation of the Patient Health Questionnaire 9. BMC (BioMed Central) Psychiatry 13, . doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-271Google ScholarPubMed
Calma, T, Dudgeon, P and Bray, A (2017) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing and mental health. Australian Psychologist 52, 255–260. doi:10.1111/ap.12299CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campos, L (2017) Los negros no cuentan. Acerca de las demandas de reconocimiento de los afrodescendientes en Chile y la exclusión pigmentocrática. Antropologi´as Del Sur 4, 15–31. doi:10.25074/rantros.v4i8.754CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canadian Centre for Elder Law (2017) We are not all the same: Key law, policy and practice strategies for improving the lives of older women in the Lower Mainland. Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2945682 (accessed 9 September 2024).10.2139/ssrn.2945682CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, J-C, Liang, -C-C and Chang, Q-X (2018) Comparison of fallers and nonfallers on four physical performance tests: A prospective cohort study of community-dwelling older indigenous Taiwanese women. International Journal of Gerontology 12, 22–26. doi:10.1016/j.ijge.2017.04.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Jong Gierveld, J and Van Tilburg, T (2006) A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: Confirmatory tests on survey data. Research on Aging 28, 582–598. doi:10.1177/0164027506289723CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) (2020) Los pueblos indígenas de América Latina y la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible: Tensiones y desafíos desde una perspectiva territorial. Available at www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/45664-pueblos-indigenas-america-latina-abya-yala-la-agenda-2030-desarrollo-sostenible (accessed 9 September 2024).Google Scholar
Espinoza, Y (2023) Feminismo Descolonial. Nuevos Aportes Teórico-metodológicos a Más de Una Década. Quito: Ediciones Abya Yala.Google Scholar
Fernández-Silva, CA and Mancilla-Mancilla, CR (2024) Diversidad de género en la vejez. Gerokomos 35, 25–29.Google Scholar
Flores-Guerrero, R (2004) Salud, enfermedad y muerte: Lecturas desde la antropología sociocultural. Revista Mad 10, 1–8.Google Scholar
Gallardo-Peralta, LP, Fernández-Dávila Jara, P, Tereucán Angulo, J and Martínv, R (2023) Loneliness among Chilean indigenous women: Family, community, and socio-cultural integration as protective factors. Journal of Women and Aging 35, 526–541. doi:10.1080/08952841.2023.2189505CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallardo-Peralta, LP, Gálvez-Nieto, JL, Veloso-Besio, C and Munuera-Gómez, P (2024) Quality of life among indigenous and Afro-descendant Chilean older people: A persistent inequality gap. International Social Work 68, 711–727. doi:10.1177/00208728241288017Google Scholar
Gallardo-Peralta, LP, Rodríguez Blázquez, C, Ayala García, A and Forjaz, MJ (2020) Validación de la escala breve de afrontamiento resiliente (BRCS) una muestra multiétnica de personas mayores chilenas. Interciencia: Revista de Ciencia Y Tecnología de América 45, 524–531.Google Scholar
Gallardo-Peralta, LP, Rodríguez-Rodríguez, V, Valencia Galvez, L, Tereucán Angulo, J, Soto Higuera, A and Sánchez-Moreno, E (2023) A systematic review of ageing in place among indigenous people in Canada, USA, México, Chile and New Zealand. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine 11, . doi:10.1080/21642850.2023.2252883CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallardo-Peralta, LP, Sánchez Iglesias, I, Saiz Galdós, J, Barrón López de Roda, A and Sánchez Moreno, E (2021) Validación del Cuestionario de Apoyo Social Percibido en una muestra multiétnica de personas mayores chilenas. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico Y Evaluación Psicológica 1, 79–91. doi:10.21865/RIDEP58.1.07Google Scholar
Gallardo-Peralta, LP, Sánchez-Moreno, E, Barrón López de Roda, A and Arias Astray, A (2015) Ethnicity, social support, and depression among elderly Chilean people. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied 149, 601–629. doi:10.1080/00223980.2014.946462CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
García, HD, García, WA and Curcio, CL (2024) Aging in indigenous communities: Perspective from two ancestral communities in the Colombian Andean–Amazon region. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 39, 189–205. doi:10.1007/s10823-023-09495-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
García Mingo, E (2017) Zomo Newen: Relatos de Vida de Mujeres Mapuche En Su Lucha Por Los Derechos Indígenas. Santiago: LOM Ediciones.Google Scholar
Gavilán, V, Vigueras, P, Madariaga, E and Parra, MG (2018) Intercultural aspects of health: A critical analysis of health policies aimed at the Aymara people of northern Chile. Interciencia 43, 322–328.Google Scholar
Gee, G, Dudgeon, P, Schultz, C, Hart, A and Kelly, K (2014) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing. Working Together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mental Health and Wellbeing Principles and Practice 2, 55–68.Google Scholar
Gerlach, M (2019) The concept of ‘buen vivir’ and the social work profession. Journal of Human Rights and Social Work 4, 116–118. doi:10.1007/s41134-018-0081-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godden, NJ (2021) Community work, love and the indigenous worldview of buen vivir in Peru. International Social Work 64, 354–370. doi:10.1177/0020872820930254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomes, OV, de Souza, CDF, Nicacio, JM, Do Carmo, RF, Pereira, VC, Barral-Netto, M and da Costa Armstrong, A (2023) Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in older indigenous peoples of Brazil: Findings from a cross-sectional survey. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 35, 2201–2209. doi:10.1007/s40520-023-02510-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gracia, E, Herrero, J and Musitu, G (2002) Evaluation of Psychosocial Resources and Stress in the Community [Evaluación de Recursos Y Estresores Psicosociales En la Comunidad]. Barcelona: Síntesis.Google Scholar
Gudynas, E and Acosta, A (2011) La renovación de la crítica al desarrollo y el buen vivir como alternativa. Utopía Y Praxis Latinoamericana 16, 71–83.Google Scholar
Gundermann, H (2018) The Native Peoples of northern Chile and the state. Diálogo Andino, 93–109. doi:10.4067/S0719-26812018000100093Google Scholar
Henson, C, Chapman, F, Shepherd, G, Carlson, B, Rambaldini, B and Gwynne, K (2023) How older indigenous women living in high-income countries use digital health technology: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research 25, . doi:10.2196/41984CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrera, S, Barros, C and Fernández, B (2007) National Survey of Quality of Life in Old Age. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile: Santiago of Chile.Google Scholar
Hillier, S and Al-Shammaa, H (2020) Indigenous peoples experiences with aging. Canadian Journal of Disability Studies 9, 146–179. doi:10.15353/cjds.v9i4.674CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoyl, T, Valenzuela, E and Marín, PP (2000) Depresión en el adulto mayor: Evaluación preliminar de la efectividad, como instrumento de tamizaje, de la versión de 5 ítems de la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica. Revista Médica de Chile 128, 1199–1204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, M and Hajizadeh, M (2023) Mind the gap: What factors determine the worse health status of indigenous women relative to men living off-reserve in Canada? Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 10, 1138–1164. doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01301-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, B (2009) Indigenous social exclusion: Insights and challenges for the concept of social inclusion. Family Matters 82, 52–61Google Scholar
Hunter, E (2014) Mental health in Indigenous settings: Challenges for clinicians. Australian Family Physician 43, 26–28.Google ScholarPubMed
Larach Herrera, P (2023) Las alianzas conyugales mapuche. Una resistencia socio-familiar a la imposición de un modelo cristiano [Mapuche marital unions. A socio-familiar resistance to the imposition of a Christian model]. Estudios Atacameños 69, . doi:10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2023-0006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, LL, Lin, SH and Philp, I (2015) Health needs of older Aboriginal people in Taiwan: A community-based assessment using a multidimensional instrument. Journal of Clinical Nursing 24, 2514–2521. doi:10.1111/jocn.12842CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, JP (2011) Successful aging through the eyes of Alaska Native elders: What it means to be an elder in Bristol Bay, AK. Gerontologist 51, 540–549. doi:10.1093/geront/gnr006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahoney, FI and Barthel, DW (1965) Functional evaluation: The Barthel Index. Maryland State Medical Journal 14, 61–65.Google ScholarPubMed
Maldonado, A and Pérez, M (2019) Navigating the waters: The seafaring traditions of the Kawashqar people. Marine Anthropology Review 18, 98–115.Google Scholar
Mamani, M (1999) Chacha-Warmi paradigma e identidad matrimonial Aymara en la provincia de Parinacota. Chungará (Arica) 31, 307–317. doi:10.4067/S0717-73561999000100005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marques, B, Freeman, C, Carter, L and Pedersen Zari, M (2021) Conceptualising therapeutic environments through culture, indigenous knowledge and landscape for health and well-being. Sustainability 13, . doi:10.3390/su13169125CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masson, S and Castro, P (2011) Sexo/género, clase, raza: Feminismo descolonial frente a la globalización: Reflexiones inspiradas a partir de la lucha de las mujeres indígenas en Chiapas. Andamios 8, 145–177.10.29092/uacm.v8i17.449CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCausland, R, Jamieson, SK, Robinson, V, Spencer, W, MacGillivray, P and Andersen, M (2025) Elders’ perspectives and priorities for ageing well in a remote Aboriginal community. Ageing & Society 45, 31–54. doi:10.1017/S0144686X23000156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McIntyre, C, Harris, MG, Baxter, AJ, Leske, S, Diminic, S, Gone, JP, Hunter, E and Whiteford, H (2017) Assessing service use for mental health by indigenous populations in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States of America: A rapid review of population surveys. Health Research Policy and Systems 15, . doi:10.1186/s12961-017-0233-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKinley, CE, Liddell, J and Lilly, J (2021) All work and no play: Indigenous women ‘pulling the weight’ in home life. Social Service Review 95, 278–311. doi:10.1086/714551CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ministry of Social Development and Family (2020) Encuesta Nacional de Caracterización Socioeconómica, CASEN. Available at https://observatorio.ministeriodesarrollosocial.gob.cl/encuesta-casen-en-pandemia-2020 (accessed 18 September 2024).Google Scholar
Moreno, X, Gajardo, J and Monsalves, MJ (2022) Gender differences in positive screen for depression and diagnosis among older adults in Chile. BMC (BioMed Central) Geriatrics 22, . doi:10.1186/s12877-022-02751-yGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muñoz Azócar, D (2014) Beyond Easter Island: Migration and identity in contemporary Rapanui society. Revista Antropología del Sur 1, 31–54. doi:10.25074/rantros.v1i2.841Google Scholar
Neufeld, HT and Richmond, and C and Southwest Ontario Aboriginal Health Access Centre (2020) Exploring First Nation Elder women’s relationships with food from social, ecological, and historical perspectives. Current Developments in Nutrition 4, . doi:10.1093/cdn/nzaa011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oddone, MJ (2014) El desafío de la diversidad en el envejecimiento en América latina. Available at https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/35884 (accessed 7 September 2024).Google Scholar
Pace, JE and Grenier, A (2017) Expanding the circle of knowledge: Reconceptualizing successful aging among North American older indigenous peoples. Journals of Gerontology: Series B 72, 248–258. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbw128Google ScholarPubMed
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (2023) The Sociodemographic Situation of Indigenous Peoples in Latin America and the Caribbean. Analysis in the Context of Aging and COVID-19. doi:10.37774/9789275126479Google Scholar
Paredes-Arturo, YV, Flórez-Madroñero, AC, Diaz-Velásquez, DM, Yarce-Pinzon, E and Aguirre-Acevedo, DC (2023) Factors influencing living space utilization among older Afro-Colombian adults. Ethnicity and Health 29, 267–277. doi:10.1080/13557858.2023.2293448CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavez Lizarraga, A, Baeza Correa, C, Faure Bascur, E and Pallavicini Magnere, P (2023) Edadismo y discursos de las personas mayores sobre la vejez y el envejecer en Chile. Athenea Digital. Revista de Pensamiento e Investigación Social 23, . doi:10.5565/rev/athenea.3386CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelcastre-Villafuerte, BE, Cuecuecha Rugerio, E, Treviño Siller, SG, Rueda Neria, CM and Ruelas-González, MG (2020) Health needs of indigenous Mayan older adults in Mexico and health services available. Health and Social Care in the Community 28, 1688–1697. doi:10.1111/hsc.12994CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelcastre-Villafuerte, BE, Meneses-Navarro, S, Ruelas-González, MG, Reyes-Morales, H, Amaya-Castellanos, A and Taboada, A (2017) Aging in rural, indigenous communities: An intercultural and participatory healthcare approach in Mexico. Ethnicity and Health 22, 610–630. doi:10.1080/13557858.2016.1246417CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulgar, C (2007) Native (indigenous) housing, participation and local development. The Kawesqar indigenous community from Puerto Eden’s case. Revista INVI (Instituto de la Vivienda de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo of the University of Chile) 22, 50–100.Google Scholar
Quigley, R, Russell, SG, Larkins, S, Taylor, S, Sagigi, B, Strivens, E and Redman-MacLaren, M (2022) Aging well for indigenous peoples: A scoping review. Frontiers in Public Health 10, . doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.780898CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramírez-García, T, Montes de Oca, V and Mendoza-Pérez, JC (2022) Las personas LGBT+ durante la pandemia de Covid-19 en México. Revista Mexicana de Sociología 84, 223–256. doi:10.22201/iis.01882503p.2022.1.60230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rashmi, R, Srivastava, S, Muhammad, T, Kumar, M and Paul, R (2022) Indigenous population and major depressive disorder in later life: A study based on the data from Longitudinal Ageing Study in India. BMC (BioMed Central) Public Health 22, . doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14745-xGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raymond, E, Carrasco Pavez, V, Rodríguez Gutierrez, B, Gallardo Peralta, LP, Gonzálvez Torralbo, H, Osorio-Parraguez, P and Caro Puga, S (2023) Estudios sobre la diversidad de los envejecimientos en América Latina y el Caribe: Revisión sistematizada en cuatro cruces. Prisma Social: Revista de Investigación Social, 42, 142–169.Google Scholar
Rodríguez-Blázquez, C, Ayala-García, A, Forjaz, MJ and Gallardo-Peralta, LP (2021) Validation of the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, 6-item version, in a multiethnic population of Chilean older adults. Australasian Journal on Ageing 40, e100–e108. doi:10.1111/ajag.12893CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roh, S, Burnette, CE, Lee, KH, Lee, YS and Easton, SD (2016) Risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms among indigenous older adults: Intimate partner violence (IPV) and social support. Journal of Gerontological Social Work 59, 316–331. doi:10.1080/01634372.2016.1214659CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sánchez-Moreno, E, Gallardo-Peralta, L, Rodríguez-Rodríguez, V and Soto Higuera, A (2021) Successful aging and quality of life: A cross-ethnic comparison in Chile. In Rojo-Pérez F and Fernández-Mayoralas (eds.), Handbook of Active Ageing and Quality of Life. Cham: Springer, . doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58031-5_27Google Scholar
Sandoval, MH, Portaccio, MEA and Albala, C (2024) Ethnic differences in disability-free life expectancy and disabled life expectancy in older adults in Chile. BMC (BioMed Central) Geriatrics 24, . doi:10.1186/s12877-024-04728-5Google ScholarPubMed
Santos, AA (2009) Cosmovisión y religiosidad andina: Una dinámica histórica de encuentros, desencuentros y reencuentros. Espaço Ameríndio 3, . doi:10.22456/1982-6524.8431Google Scholar
Sasseville, N, Maurice, P, Montminy, L, Hassan, G and St-Pierre, É (2022) Cumulative contexts of vulnerability to intimate partner violence among women with disabilities, elderly women, and immigrant women: prevalence, risk factors, explanatory theories, and prevention. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse 23, 88–100. doi:10.1177/1524838020925773CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shen, Y-T, Radford, K, Daylight, G, Cumming, R, Broe, TGA and Draper, B (2018) Depression, suicidal behaviour, and mental disorders in older Aboriginal Australians. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, . doi:10.3390/ijerph15030447CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinclair, VG and Wallston, KA (2004) The development and psychometric evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Assessment 11, 94–101. doi:10.1177/1073191103258144CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuhiwai Smith, L (1999) Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Tusasiirwe, S (2019) Rural older women’s survival in Uganda: Implications for social work with older people. In Twikirize, JM and Spitzer, H (eds.), Social Work Practice in Africa: Indigenous and Innovative Approaches. .Google Scholar
Valencia-Gálvez, L, Gallardo-Peralta, L, Andrade-Guzmán, C, Rain-Rain, A and Rodriguez-Venegas, V (2025) Intergenerational care and subjective well-being: A study of the particularities of ageing amongst the indigenous peoples of Chile. British Journal of Social Work 55, 950–972. doi:10.1093/BJSW/BCAE161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varcoe, C, Ford-Gilboe, M, Browne, AJ, Perrin, N, Bungay, V, McKenzie, H, Smye, V, Price (Elder), R, Inyallie, J, Khan, K and Dion Stout, M (2021) The efficacy of a health promotion intervention for indigenous women: Reclaiming our spirits. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36, NP7086–NP7116. doi:10.1177/0886260518820818CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vásquez Bustamante, JP, Orellana Yáñez, J and Rodrigues Teixeira, J (2021) Del Sumak Kawsay al debate por el Buen Vivir: Significados en disputa y disputa por los significantes. Si Somos Americanos 21, 120–145. doi:10.4067/S0719-09482021000200120CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vázquez Flores, G, Cantero Flores, V and Díaz Molina, L (2020) Discriminación étnica en personas mayores en el municipio turístico de Tulum, Quintana Roo, México. Antropología Americana 5, 37–70. doi:10.35424/anam92020%fGoogle Scholar
Viscogliosi, C, Asselin, H, Basile, S, Borwick, K, Couturier, Y, Drolet, MJ, Gagnon, D, Obradovic, N, Torrie, J, Zhou, D and Levasseur, M (2020) Importance of indigenous elders’ contributions to individual and community wellness: Results from a scoping review on social participation and intergenerational solidarity. Canadian Journal of Public Health / Revue Canadienne de Sante Publique 111, 667–681. doi:10.17269/s41997-019-00292-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Walker, RJ, Campbell, JA, Dawson, AZ and Egede, LE (2019) Prevalence of psychological distress, depression and suicidal ideation in an indigenous population in Panamá. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 54, 1199–1207. doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01719-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warburton, J and Chambers, B (2007) Older indigenous Australians: Their integral role in culture and community. Australasian Journal on Ageing 26, 3–7. doi:10.1111/j.1741-6612.2007.00213.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, WF and Gallegos, CA (2014) Aging, health, and identity in Ecuador’s indigenous communities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 29, 371–387. doi:10.1007/s10823-014-9243-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westwood, S (2019) Aging, Diversity and Equality: Social Justice Perspectives. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wortman, ES and Lewis, JP (2021) Gerotranscendence and Alaska Native successful aging in the Aleutian Pribilof Islands, Alaska. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 36, 43–67. doi:10.1007/s10823-020-09421-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yashadhana, A, Howie, A, Veber, M, Cullen, P, Withall, A, Lewis, E, McCausland, R, Macniven, R and Andersen, M (2022) Experiences and perceptions of ageing among older First Nations Australians: A rapid review. Australasian Journal on Ageing 41, 8–19. doi:10.1111/ajag.13031CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yusim, A, Anbarasan, D, Hall, B, Goetz, R, Neugebauer, R, Stewart, T, Abou, J, Castaneda, R and Ruiz, P (2010) Sociocultural domains of depression among indigenous populations in Latin America. International Review of Psychiatry 22, 370–377. doi:10.3109/09540261.2010.500870CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed