Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-6bb9c88b65-fsdjw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-07-23T14:51:05.408Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Leadership by Example

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 June 2025

Edward A. David
Affiliation:
University of Oxford

Summary

This Element offers a portrait of leadership exemplars in UK finance. It challenges the common trope that finance is morally bankrupt. More significantly, it provides an empirically informed account of what it means to lead ethically and by example. Drawing upon Linda Zagzebski's philosophy of moral exemplarism, as well as Braun and Clarke's reflexive approach to thematic analysis, this Element sifts through a rich interview dataset to identify three types of exemplary leader. The sage exemplifies a purpose-giving wisdom. The hero is admired for a courageous form of empathy. And the novice, an under-appreciated type of exemplar, is singled out for curiosity. Foregrounding the place of positive emotions in role modeling, this Element sheds light on the virtues and psychology of leading by example. It also serves as an exemplar of what the humanities can contribute to the dynamic field of leadership studies.
Get access

Information

Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009498395
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 17 July 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Element purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Algoe, S. B. and Haidt, J. (2009). Witnessing Excellence in Action: The “Other-praising” Emotions of Elevation, Gratitude, and Admiration. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(2), 105127. https://doi-org.ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/10.1080/17439760802650519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aquinas, T. (1266/1964). Summa Theologiae. Edited by Dominicans, English, London: Blackfriars.Google Scholar
Aristotle. (350 bc/2009). Nicomachean Ethics, new ed. Edited by Brown, L., translated by W. D. Ross, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Augustine. (400/1992). Confessions. Translated by H. Chadwick, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Bass, B. M. and Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational Leadership. 2nd ed, Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bett, R. (1989). The Sophists and Relativism. Phronesis, 34(1–3), 139169. https://doi.org/10.1163/156852889X00107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boje, D. M. (1991). The Storytelling Organization: A Study of Story Performance in an Office-Supply Firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(1), 106126. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 89597. https://doi-org.ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide, Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.Google Scholar
Braun, V., Terry, G., Gavey, N., and Fenaughty, J. (2009). “Risk” and Sexual Coercion among Gay and Bisexual Men in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Key Informant Accounts. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 11(2), 111124. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050802398208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brenton, H. (2024). Britain’s Next Financial Crash Is Coming. This Time It Won’t Be the Banks. Politico. www.politico.eu/article/britains-next-financial-crash-is-coming-this-time-it-wont-be-the-banks/. (Accessed: March 18, 2025).Google Scholar
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., and Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical Leadership: A Social Learning Perspective for Construct Development and Testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Businessolver, (2022). State of Workplace Empathy. West Des Moines, IA: Businessolver. www.businessolver.com/workplace-empathy/. (Accessed: February 19, 2024).Google Scholar
Byrne, D. (2022). A Worked Example of Braun and Clarke’s Approach to Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Quality & Quantity, 56(3), 13911412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01182-y.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chancellor, J. and Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). Humble Beginnings: Current Trends, State Perspectives, and Hallmarks of Humility. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(11), 819833. https://doi-org.ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/10.1111/spc3.12069.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciulla, J. B. (2019). The Two Cultures: The Place of Humanities Research in Leadership Studies. Leadership, 15(4), 433444. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715019832145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, V. and Braun, V. (2019). How Can a Heterosexual Man Remove His Body Hair and Retain His Masculinity? Mapping Stories of Male Body Hair Depilation. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 16(1), 96114. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2018.1536388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clewis, R. R. (2015). The Kantian Sublime and the Revelation of Freedom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Croce, M. and Vaccarezza, M. S. (2017). Educating through Exemplars: Alternative Paths to Virtue. Theory and Research in Education, 15(1), 519. https://doi-org.ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/10.1177/1477878517695903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwall, S. (1998). Empathy, Sympathy, Care. Philosophical Studies, 89(2/3), 261282. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004289113917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. L., and Hook, J. N. (2010). Humility: Review of Measurement Strategies and Conceptualization as Personality Judgment. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 243252. https://doi-org.ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/10.1080/17439761003791672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duan, C. and Hill, C. E. (1996). The Current State of Empathy Research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(3), 261274. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.43.3.261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duan, C. and Sager, K. (2016). Understanding Empathy: Current State and Future Research Challenges. In Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J., Edwards, L. M., and Marques, S.C. eds., The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 533550.Google Scholar
Engelen, Bart, Thomas, Alan Price, Archer, Alfred, and van de Ven, Niels. 2018. “Exemplars and Nudges: Combining Two Strategies for Moral Education.” Journal of Moral Education 47 (3): 346365. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2017.1396966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frohman, A. L. and Johnson, L. W. (1993). The Middle Management Challenge: Moving from Crisis to Empowerment, New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Gentry, W. A. Cullen, K. L., Sosik, J. J., Chun, J. U., Leupold, C. R., and Tonidandel, S. (2013). Integrity’s Place among the Character Strengths of Middle-level Managers and Top-level Executives. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(3), 395404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.11.009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, B. (2008). Failed Leadership Caused the Financial Crisis. U.S. News and World Report, 19 November. www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2008/11/19/failed-leadership-caused-the-financial-crisis. (Accessed: March 18, 2025).Google Scholar
Gibson, D. E. (2004). Role Models in Career Development: New Directions for Theory and Research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 134156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00051-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gjerde, S. and Alvesson, M. (2020). Sandwiched: Exploring Role and Identity of Middle Managers in the Genuine Middle. Human Relations, 73(1), 124151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718823243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goetz, J. and LeCompte, M. (1984). Ethnography and Qualitative Design in Educational Research, Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Greenleaf, R. K. and Spears, L. C. (2002). Servant Leadership: A Journey into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness, 25th anniversary ed., New York: Paulist Press.Google Scholar
Grossmann, I. (2017). Wisdom in Context. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 233257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691616672066.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossmann, I., Dorfman, A., and Oakes, H. (2020). Wisdom Is a Social-ecological Rather Than Person-centric Phenomenon. Current Opinion in Psychology, 32, 6671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haidt, J. (2003). Elevation and the Positive Psychology of Morality. In Haidt, J. and Keyes, C. I., eds., Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-lived. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 275289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, E. (2022). The Educational Salience of Emulation as a Moral Virtue. Journal of Moral Education, 53(1), 7388. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2022.2130882.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hildebrand, C. (2023). Feeling, Cognition, and the Eighteenth-century Context of Kantian Sympathy. British Journal for the History of Philosophy, 31(5), 9741004. https://doi.org/10.1080/09608788.2023.2174949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoch, J. E. Bommer, W. H., Dulebohn, J. H., and Wu, D. (2018). Do Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership Explain Variance above and beyond Transformational Leadership? A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Management, 44(2), 501529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316665461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, M. L. (1984). The Contribution of Empathy to Justice and Moral Judgment. In Eisenberg, N., ed., The Development of Prosocial Behavior. New York: Academic Press (Developmental Psychology Series), pp. 281313.Google Scholar
Holt, R. (2006). Principals and Practice: Rhetoric and the Moral Character of Managers. Human Relations, 59(12), 16591680. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726706072867.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
House, R. (1977). A 1976 Theory of Charismatic Leadership. In Hunt, J. G. and Larson, L. L., eds., Leadership: The Cutting Edge. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, pp. 189207.Google Scholar
Hurley, J. (2023). Latest Delay Alarms Victims of HBOS Reading Scandal. The Times, 24 July. www.thetimes.co.uk/article/latest-delay-alarms-victims-of-hbos-reading-scandal-bhsmttmx9. (Accessed: March 18, 2025).Google Scholar
Hurtado, P. (2023). Ex-Goldman Banker Ng Seeks Celebrity Prison for 1MDB Fraud. Bloomberg, 21 March. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-21/ex-goldman-banker-ng-seeks-celebrity-prison-for-1mdb-fraud. (Accessed: March 18, 2025).Google Scholar
İnan, İ. (2012). The Philosophy of Curiosity, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jefferson, T. (1771/1975). Letter to Robert Skipwith. In Peterson, M. D., ed., The Portable Thomas Jefferson. New York: Penguin Books, pp. 349351.Google Scholar
Kay, J. (2015). Other People’s Money: Masters of the Universe or Servants of the People? London: Profile Books.Google Scholar
Kempster, S., Jackson, B., and Conroy, M. (2011). Leadership as Purpose: Exploring the Role of Purpose in Leadership Practice. Leadership, 7(3), 317334. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715011407384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidd, I. J. (2019). Admiration, Attraction and the Aesthetics of Exemplarity. Journal of Moral Education, 48(3), 369380. https://doi-org.ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/10.1080/03057240.2019.1573724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiriyama, S. and Ouchi, R. (2000). 21st Century: The Age of Sophia: The Wisdom of Greek Philosophy and the Wisdom of the Buddha, Tokyo: Hirakawa Shuppan.Google Scholar
Klein, K. and Hodges, S. D. (2001). Gender Differences, Motivation, and Empathic Accuracy: When It Pays to Understand. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(6), 720730. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201276007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kripke, S. (1980). Naming and Necessity, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kristjánsson, K. (2017). Emotions Targeting Moral Exemplarity: Making Sense of the Logical Geography of Admiration, Emulation and Elevation. Theory and Research in Education, 15(1), 2037. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878517695679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanchester, J. (2015). Capital, London: Faber & Faber.Google Scholar
Le, H. Schmidt, F. L., Harter, J. K., and Lauver, K. J. (2010). The Problem of Empirical Redundancy of Constructs in Organizational Research: An Empirical Investigation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 112(2), 112125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.02.003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S. and Kim, H. (2021). An Empirical Study on Verbal Violence Experiences among Bank Consulting. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12(10), 970977. https://turcomat.org/index.php/turkbilmat/article/view/4278. (Accessed: January 23, 2024).Google Scholar
Lewis, M. (2015). Flash Boys: Cracking the Money Code, London: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Luo, G. (2004). Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel. Translated by M. Roberts, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Luthans, F. and Aviolio, B. (2003). Authentic Leadership: A Positive Developmental Approach. In Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E., and Quinn, R. E., eds., Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a New Discipline. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler, pp. 241261.Google Scholar
Luyendijk, J. (2013). At the Back of Your Mind Is: I Have to Hit My Target, or There’s Redundancy. The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/joris-luyendijk-banking-blog/2013/sep/19/target-redundancy-banking-fixed-income. (Accessed: March 18, 2025).Google Scholar
Luyendijk, J. (2015). Swimming with Sharks: My Journey into the World of Bankers, London: Guardian Books.Google Scholar
Macaskill, A., Maltby, J., and Day, L. (2002). Forgiveness of Self and Others and Emotional Empathy. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142(5), 663665. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603925.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacIntyre, A. (2007). After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 3rd ed., Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Maibom, H. (2022). The Space between: How Empathy Really Works, New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maile, A. (2024). Open-mindedness and Phenomenological Psychopathology: An Intellectual Virtue Account of Phenomenology and Three Educational Recommendations. Philosophical Psychology, 38(1), 304330. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2024.2379987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malterud, K. (2016). Theory and Interpretation in Qualitative Studies from General Practice: Why and How? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 44(2), 120129. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494815621181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matava, R. (2011). “Is,” “Ought” and Moral Realism: The Roles of Nature and Experience in Practical Understanding. Studies in Christian Ethics, 24(3), 311328. https://doi-org.ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/10.1177/0953946811405912.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKinsey & Company (2023). How Empathy Has Transformed and Empowered Ademola’s Journey. www.mckinsey.com/careers/meet-our-people/careers-blog/ademola. (Accessed: March 18, 2025).Google Scholar
Mhatre, K. and Riggio, R. (2014). Charismatic and Transformational Leadership: Past, Present, and Future. In Day, D. V., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Leadership and Organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 221240.Google Scholar
Miles, M., Huberman, A., and Saldaña, J. (2020). Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook, 4th ed., Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.Google Scholar
Mill, J. (1984). High and Low Self-monitoring Individuals: Their Decoding Skills and Empathic Expression. Journal of Personality, 52(4), 372388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1984.tb00358.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miscevic, N. (2007). Virtue-based Epistemology and the Centrality of Truth (Towards a Strong Virtue-Epistemology). Acta Analytica: Philosophy and Psychology, 22(3), 239266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12136-007-0011-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moberg, D. J. (2000). Role Models and Moral Exemplars: How do Employees Acquire Virtues by Observing Others? Business Ethics Quarterly, 10(3), 675696. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moberg, D. J. (2008). Mentoring for Protégé Character Development. Mentoring & Tutoring, 16(1), 91103. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611260701801056.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moberg, D. J. and Seabright, M. (2000). The Development of Moral Imagination. Business Ethics Quarterly, 10(4), 845884. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neck, C. P. and Houghton, J. (2006). Two Decades of Self-leadership Theory and Research: Past Developments, Present Trends and Future Possibilities. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(4), 270295. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610663097.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neck, C. P. and Manz, C. C. (2013). Mastering Self-leadership: Empowering Yourself for Personal Excellence, 6th ed., Boston, MA: Pearson.Google Scholar
Novak, P. (1995). The World’s Wisdom: Sacred Texts of the World’s Religions, New York: HarperSanFrancisco.Google Scholar
Nowell, L. S. Norris, J. M., White, D. E., and Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogunfowora, B. (2014). It’s All a Matter of Consensus: Leader Role Modeling Strength as a Moderator of the Links between Ethical Leadership and Employee Outcomes. Human Relations, 67(12), 14671490. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714521646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osterman, P. (2008). The Truth about Middle Managers: Who They Are, How They Work, Why They Matter, London: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Palanski, M. and Yammarino, F. (2007). Integrity and Leadership: Clearing the Conceptual Confusion. European Management Journal, 25(3), 171184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2007.04.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, R., Vyver, J., and Bretherton, R. (2020). The Humble Leader: Understanding Perceptions and Implications of Humility in Leadership. European Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 4, 112. www.nationalwellbeingservice.org/volumes/volume-4-2020/volume-4-article-14/. (Accessed: March 18, 2025).Google Scholar
Peterson, C. and Seligman, M. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Pickens, C. and Braun, V. (2018). “Stroppy Bitches Who Just Need to Learn How to Settle”? Young Single Women and Norms of Femininity and Heterosexuality. Sex Roles, 79(7–8), 431448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0881-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pixley, J. (2004). Emotions in Finance: Distrust and Uncertainty in Global Markets, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potts, G. (2022). Work as a Calling: From Meaningful Work to Good Work, London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preston, S. D. (2007). A Perception-Action Model for Empathy. In Farrow, T. and Woodruff, P., eds., Empathy in Mental Illness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 428447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preston, S. D. (2016). Neural and Physiological Mechanisms of Altruism and Empathy. In Snyder, C. R. et al., Lopez, S. J., Edwards, L. M., and Marques, S.C., The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 754772.Google Scholar
Preston, S. D. and de Waal, F. (2002). Empathy: Its Ultimate and Proximate Bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 172. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X02000018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Putnam, H. (1975). The Meaning of “Meaning”. In Putnam, H., ed., Philosophical Papers: Mind, Language and Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 215271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynders, P., Kumar, M., and Found, P. (2022). “Lean on Me”: An Integrative Literature Review on the Middle Management Role in Lean. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 33(3–4), 318354. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2020.1842729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, B. (2016). Character, Caricature, and Gossip. The Monist, 99(2), 198211. https://doi.org/10.1093/monist/onv036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roca, E. (2008). Introducing Practical Wisdom in Business Schools. Journal of Business Ethics, 82(3), 607620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-007-9580-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rocchi, M., Ferrero, I., and Beadle, R. (2021). Can Finance Be a Virtuous Practice? A MacIntyrean Account. Business Ethics Quarterly, 31(1), 75105. https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2020.5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanchez, P. (2018). The Secret to Leading Organizational Change Is Empathy. Harvard Business Review, 20 December. https://hbr.org/2018/12/the-secret-to-leading-organizational-change-is-empathy. (Accessed: March 18, 2025).Google Scholar
Sartre, J. (1946/1973). Existentialism and Humanism. Translated by P. Mairet, London: Eyre Methuen.Google Scholar
Schwartz, B. (2011). Practical Wisdom and Organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 31, 323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2011.09.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sison, A., Ferrero, I., and Guitián, G. (2017). Characterizing Virtues in Finance. Journal of Business Ethics, 155(4), 9951007. https://doi-org.ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/10.1007/s10551-017-3596-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skapinker, M. (2023). “From SVB to the BBC: Why Did No One See the Crisis Coming?” Financial Times, 19 March. www.ft.com/content/4d589d5c-f2cb-4568-93dd-acda6fab931f. (Accessed: March 18, 2025).Google Scholar
Smith, A. (1776/2008). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations: A Selected Edition. Edited by Sutherland, K., Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sriram, N. and Greenwald, A. G. (2009). The Brief Implicit Association Test. Experimental Psychology, 56(4), 283294. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.56.4.283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stempel, J. (2023). Sam Bankman-Fried Will Not Face a Second Trial. Reuters, 30 December. www.reuters.com/legal/sam-bankman-fried-will-not-face-second-trial-us-prosecutors-say-2023-12-29/. (Accessed: March 18, 2025).Google Scholar
de Swaan, J. C. (2020). Seeking Virtue in Finance: Contributing to Society in a Conflicted Industry, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szutta, N. (2019). Exemplarist Moral Theory – Some Pros and Cons. Journal of Moral Education, 48(3), 280290. https://doi-org.ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/10.1080/03057240.2019.1589435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tangney, J. P. (2000). Humility: Theoretical Perspectives, Empirical Findings and Directions for Future Research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 7082. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Big Short (2015). [Blu-ray]. Directed by Adam McKay. United States: Paramount Pictures.Google Scholar
Toussaint, L. and Webb, J. (2005). Gender Differences in the Relationship between Empathy and Forgiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(6), 673685. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.6.673-686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tzu, L. (c. 400 bc/1996). Tao-Teh-Ching: A Parallel Translation Collection. Edited by Bolsen, B., Boston, MA: Gnomad.Google Scholar
Uusimaki, E. (2018). The Rise of the Sage in Greek and Jewish Antiquity. Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period, 49(1), 129. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700631-12491185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaccarezza, M. S. and Niccoli, A. (2019). The Dark Side of the Exceptional: On Moral Exemplars, Character Education, and Negative Emotions. Journal of Moral Education, 48(3), 332345. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2018.1534089.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Linden, B. and Freeman, R. E. (2017). Profit and Other Values: Thick Evaluation in Decision Making. Business Ethics Quarterly, 27(3), 353379. https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2017.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Virgil, . (2007). Aeneid. Translated by F. Ahl and Fantham, E., Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Watson, L. (2019). Educating for Inquisitiveness: A Case against Exemplarism for Intellectual Character Education. Journal of Moral Education, 48(3), 303315. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2019.1589436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, L. (2022). Cultivating Curiosity in the Information Age. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement, 92, 129148. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1358246122000212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werpehowski, W. (2007). Practical Wisdom and the Integrity of Christian Life. Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, 27(2), 5572. https://doi.org/10.5840/jsce20072724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitcomb, D. Battaly, H., Baehr, J., and Howard-Snyder, D. (2017). Intellectual Humility: Owning Our Limitations. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 94(3), 509539. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zagzebski, L. (2003). Emotion and Moral Judgment. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 66(1), 104124. https://doi-org.ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2003.tb00245.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zagzebski, L. (2004). Divine Motivation Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zagzebski, L. (2006). The Admirable Life and the Desirable Life. In Chappell, T., ed., Values and Virtues: Aristotelianism in Contemporary Ethics, Oxford: Clarendon, pp. 5366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zagzebski, L. (2013). Moral Exemplars in Theory and Practice. Theory and Research in Education, 11(2), 193206. https://doi-org.ezproxy-prd.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/10.1177/1477878513485177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zagzebski, L. (2017). Exemplarist Moral Theory, New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zu, L. (2019). Purpose-driven Leadership for Sustainable Business: From the Perspective of Taoism. International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, 4(1), 131. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40991-019-0041-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.1 AA

The PDF of this Element complies with version 2.1 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), covering newer accessibility requirements and improved user experiences and achieves the intermediate (AA) level of WCAG compliance, covering a wider range of accessibility requirements.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.

Visual Accessibility

Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.

Structural and Technical Features

ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge-org.demo.remotlog.com is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Leadership by Example
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Leadership by Example
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Leadership by Example
Available formats
×