Glacial history is explored through glacier–climate relationships, including ablation by melting or sublimation; humid/dry atmosphere; snow-rain zones; whether annual air temperature is below 0°C for the entire glacier; and precipitation sources. The underlying glacier–weather relationship is fundamental to glacier behaviour and history, defining air masses, humidity, cloud cover, convective processes, moisture advection, seasonality of accumulation, ablation/sublimation, dust transport, wind redistribution of snow, and katabatic and foehn wind flow. The chapter covers glaciers in the inner tropics (Ecuador, Columbia, Venezuela, Ruwenzori Mountains, Mt Kenya, Kilimanjaro, eastern Africa, Irian Jaya); dry subtropics; Central Andes; mid-latitudes (Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, New Zealand); subantarctic islands (South Indian and South Atlantic Islands); and Antarctic Peninsula. A comprehensive synthesis of regional glacial history is presented for the recent past, Holocene, and late Quaternary. Glacier–weather and climate mode relationships are identified by equilibrium line altitude change and weather regime dominance, particularly for the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age.